【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 eeder routes, and/or arrival routes, including distances and altitudes。? Course reversals, including procedure turns。? Holding patterns.Flight TrackApproach procedure flight trackMissed approach trackVisual flight trackHigh level trackMagic Bearings and CoursesTrue CourseMagic Heading(Routes without radio aids guidance)Magic CourseRadialRadialRadialApproach TransitionsApproach transitions provide guidance to navigate from the enroute airway system to the instrument approach. Approach Transition is too long or too plexDME Arc amp。 RNAV TransitionsMSAMSANo Procedure TurnRNAV TransitionMagic Bearing ChangeRestriction with an IntersectionOffset Approach TransitionIf transition route is too short to denote, the related information is noted with information box Too information to denote, transition route noted with the details in the specific place.Course Reversals and Procedure TurnsHolding Pattern167。 Airspace FixesFixes, reporting points and waypoints are all geographical positions or locations that may be used for navigation purposes on an approach procedure course.? Fixes and Reporting Points? Waypoints? Computer Navigation Fixes (CNFs) and Database IdentifiersThere are basically two categories of fixes, reporting points, and/or waypoints:Fixes and Reporting PointsDME FixesWaypointsA waypoint is a predetermined geographical position used for route/instrument approach definition, progress reports, published VFR routes, visual reporting points, or points for transitioning and/or circumnavigating controlled and/or special use airspace.Waypoints are defined relative to a VORTAC, VOR/DME, or GPS, or in terms of latitude/longitude coordinates.Computer Navigation Fixes (CNFs) and Database IdentifiersA point used for the purpose of defining the navigation track for an airborne puter system (., GPS or FMS) is called a Computer Navigation Fix (CNF).Beginning in 1998, the United States and many other countries began assigning fiveletter CNF names to previously unnamed airspace fixes and mileage break points on DPs (departure procedures), enroute and area, and standard terminal arrival charts. 167。 Profile ViewThe profile view schematically portrays a side view of the approach procedure flight path. It begins at the same location as the plan view and contains many of the same symbols。 however, it is not drawn to scale.The symbols in profile view include:? Flight tracks, including bearings, distances, times, missed approach points, course reversals, stepdown fixes, visual descent points, and VNAV constant rate of descent? Navaids and waypoints, including makers and fixes? Altitudes, including the remended altitude/height descent table? Conversion table? Lighting and missed approach icons167。 Descent Flight Tracks(non) Precision Approach Glide SlopeMLS Glide Path Nonprecision Glide SlopeHigh level approach trackVisual flight trackOutbound limited by DMEOutbound limited by Time167。 Airspace FixesThe flight track from intermediate approach course to final approach course is defined by Marker Beacons, Fixes, Waypoints and Navaids on the profile view.FAF/FAP Fix NavaidMAPFor a nonprecision approach procedure, the FAF is indicated on the profile view by a Maltese Cross, if specified by the state source.FAF/FAPFor a precision approach procedure, the final approach segment starts at the point on the localizer course where the glide slope/path is to be intercepted at the prescribed glide slope interception altitude.This point is called the FAF in the United States and Canada, and the FAP under ICAO applications. Again, the FAP is not depicted on the approach chart.Stepdown FixesMany approaches incorporate one or more stepdown fixes along approach segments to allow you to descend to a lower altitude after you overfly various obstales.When you cannot identify a stepdown fix, you must level off at the minimum altitude specified for that fix. Only one stepdown fix normally is permitted between the final approach fix and the missed approach point.The MAP (Missed Approach Point) is a point prescribed in each instrument approach procedure at which a missed approach procedure must be executed if the required visual reference has not been achieved.MAPPrecision Approach MAPNonprecision Approach MAPFor precision approaches, the MAP is the point where you reach the DA(H), while descending on the glide slope. You must execute the missed approach procedure if the required visual reference to continue the approach has not been established.For nonprecision approaches, the MAP occurs either at a fix defined by a navaid, or after a specified period of time has elapsed since you crossed the final approach fix. The conversion table at the lower left corner of the chart will specify the MAP and, if applicable, the time at various speeds from the final approach fix to the MAP.A VDP (Visual descent point) depicted by the letter V in the profile view, represents the point from which you can make a normal descent to a landing, provided you have the approach end of the runway in sight and you are at the minimum descent altitude (MDA) . A descent below the MDA should not be started prior to reaching the VDP.VDP167。 AltitudesThe profile view shows minimum altitudes along the flight track. All altitudes are given above QNH in feet, followed by a parenthetical number which shows the HAT (Height above touchdown zone or threshold).When a TDZE (Touchdown zone elevation) is not given, the numbers represent height above the airport elevation (HAA).All altitudes are MINIMUM altitude unless specifically labeled otherwise, such as “MANDATORY”、 “MAXIMUM”、“RECOMMENDED”.? “