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環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)---第十六章組成成員和過程(編輯修改稿)

2025-03-20 14:20 本頁面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 possible to predict, using models, the pathway of energy flow at different trophic levels for different munities. From such modeling studies, which are supported by field data, the most significant finding is the overwhelming importance of the deposer system. Overall, in a steady state munity, losses through animal respiration balance NPP so that standing crop biomass remains the same.通過群落的能流如果凈初級生產(chǎn)量和 CE、 AE和 PE是已知的值,那么運用模型預(yù)測不同群落各個營養(yǎng)級的能流途徑是可能的。從這種有野外數(shù)據(jù)支持的模型研究得到了一個有意義的發(fā)現(xiàn),即分解者系統(tǒng)是非常重要的。有普遍意義的是,在狀態(tài)穩(wěn)定的群落里,動物呼吸所丟失的被 NPP所平衡,所以現(xiàn)存生物量保持一樣的水平。相關(guān)主題 初級和次級生產(chǎn)力(見 P2) 群落、結(jié)構(gòu)和穩(wěn)定性(見 Q1)食物鏈(見 P3) 群落格局、競爭和捕食(見Q3)Global primary productivity is approximately 120109 tons fry weight per year on land, and 50109 tons per year in the sea. This productivity is very unevenly distributed across the Earth. The most productive systems are found amongst swamp and marshland, estuaries, reefs and cultivated land. Productivity decreases moving away from the equator, indication the importance of temperature and radiation.Key NotesPrimary productionP2 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PRODUCTIONP2 初級和次級生產(chǎn)力 要 點初級生產(chǎn)力全球陸地的凈初級生產(chǎn)力大約為 12010 9 t / a干物質(zhì),而海洋的大約為 50 10 9 t / a干物質(zhì)。這種生產(chǎn)力在地球上分布是很不均勻的。最富有生產(chǎn)力的系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)在沼澤、濕地、河口灣、珊瑚礁和耕田。生產(chǎn)力隨離赤道距離增大而降低,它表明溫度與輻射的重要性。四 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量動態(tài)和儲存基本名詞解釋? 生產(chǎn)量 (production):一定時期內(nèi)有機(jī)物質(zhì)增加的總重量。– 總生產(chǎn)量 (gross production): 某一時期合成的有機(jī)物質(zhì)總量 .– 凈生產(chǎn)量 ( production): 總生產(chǎn)量減去呼吸損失的部分 .– 初級生產(chǎn)量 (primary production): 綠色植物的生產(chǎn)量 .– 次級生產(chǎn)量 (seconddary production): 消費者的生產(chǎn)量 .? 生物量 (biomass):任一時間某一地方某一種群、營養(yǎng)級或某一生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有機(jī)物質(zhì)的總重量。 (kg/ha、 g/mkj/m2)? 現(xiàn)存量 (standing crop):單位面積上當(dāng)時所測得的生物體的總重量。? 生產(chǎn)力 (productivity): 指單位時間單位面積的生產(chǎn)量,即生產(chǎn)的速率。紅樹林沼澤 濕地 河口灣珊瑚礁Community productivity can bi related to the standing crop that produces it by paring the ratio of productivity (P) to standing crop biomass (B). The resulting P:B ratios ( kg produced year1 kg1 standing crop) average for forests, for other terrestrial systems, and for aquatic munities. An alternative way of looking at P:B ratios would be to define biomass in terms of weight of living tissue, which would reduce these large differences between munities. However, accurate measurement of the proportion of biomass alive is difficult.Relationship of productivity to biomass生產(chǎn)力對生物量的關(guān)系通過生產(chǎn)力( P)與現(xiàn)存生物量( B)之比,可以把群落生產(chǎn)力與產(chǎn)生它的現(xiàn)存量聯(lián)系起來。對于森林,所得到的 P: B比率(即每年每公斤現(xiàn)存量所生產(chǎn)出的公斤數(shù))平均為 ,其他陸地系統(tǒng)是 ,而水體群落是 ??紤] P: B比率的另一種選擇是以活組織的重量確定的生物量,它將縮小群落之間的這些大的區(qū)別。當(dāng)然,精確測定活的生物量比例是很困難的事。Secondary production is defined as the rate of production of new biomass by heterotrophic anisms. Heterotrophs are anisms, such as animals and fungi, with a requirement for energyrich anic molecules. Secondary production by heterotrophs is inevitably dependent on primary productivity. General
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