【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 r Realm 災害領域 Disasters can provide development opportunities 災害可為發(fā)展提 供機會 Development can reduce vulnerability 發(fā)展可以減輕易損性 Disasters can set back development 災害可以阻礙發(fā)展 Development can increase vulnerability 發(fā)展可增加易損性 ? Factors that could help decisionmakers in risk mitigation investment analysis ? 幫助決策者進行減輕投資風險分析的要素 Disaster Impact 災害的影響 ? How disaster effects can vary from one type of hazard to another 災害影響如何隨致災因子的類型不同而不同，但 資源均受到損毀，包括 – essential goods (food , raw materials) and availability of facilities (housing, infrastructure facilities, health, education etc.) 基本物資 (食物、原材料 ) 和設施 (房屋、基礎設施、健康、教育等 ) – Suffering to low ine earners will be higher. 對低收入者的影響更甚 Reconstruction Period after Disaster is an Opportunity for General Assistance 災后重建時期是獲得綜合援助的機會 ? Failure analyses for better application of design codes. 進行失敗分析以便更好地應用設計法規(guī) ? Coordination of lending programs, grants and subsidies. 協(xié)調(diào)貸款項目、贈款和補助 ? Higher level of policy framework development, improvement of centrally driven accountability systems. 制定更高一級的政策框架，改進受中央主導的責任制系統(tǒng) ? Review and enhancement of financial approval procedures 檢查和提高財政審批的程序 ? Involvement of nonformal sector in development work 非正規(guī)部門參與發(fā)展工作 Cost Effectiveness of Development Programs 發(fā)展項目的成本效用 Categories of impact and consequent losses due to disasters: 災害影響的種類和相應的損失 – Direct moary effects (infrastructure and buildings) 直接經(jīng)濟損失 (基礎設施和建筑 ) – Indirect moary effects (loss of production and clean up costs) 間接經(jīng)濟損失 (生產(chǎn)受損和清理成本 ) ? Direct nonmoary effects (deaths, injuries, loss of cultural items) 直接非經(jīng)濟影響 (死亡、受傷、文物損失 ) ? Indirect nonmoary effects (disruption to education, health) 間接非經(jīng)濟影響 (教育中斷、健康 ) ? Loss of nonrenewable natural resources 非再生自然資源的損失 Building Links Between Disasters and Development Community’s Role 建立災害和發(fā)展的聯(lián)系 – 社區(qū)的角色 ? Community involvement in all development initiatives is essential, since hazard prone munities are the victims of disasters and beneficiaries of development programs. 社區(qū)參與所有的有關發(fā)展的活動是最基本的，因為受致災因子影響的社區(qū)是災害的受害者和發(fā)展的受益者 HAZARD ASSESSMENT 致災因子評估 Classification of Hazards 致災因子分類 ? Natural 自然的 ? Technological 技術的 ? Societal/Complex ? 社會的 /綜合的 Origin or Causes of Hazards 致災因子的起源或起因 Hazards 致災因子 Origin or Causes 起源或起因 Earthquake 地震 Shaking of earth by the waves below the earth’s surface由地表下的波動造成的地面振動 Tsunami 海嘯 Due to earthquake in sea/ocean/lake由海洋或湖泊的地震引起 Volcanoes 火山爆發(fā) Magma pushed upwards through internal pressure developed by dissolved gases由液化的氣體形成的內(nèi)在壓力推動巖漿向上噴射 Landslides 山體滑坡 Down slope transport of soil amp。 rock by natural vibrations changes in direct water content or removal of lateral support由于直接的水體劇烈振動或失去了側(cè)向支持，巖石或土壤向下滑動 Epidemic 瘟疫 Rise in parasitic infestations due to exposure to contamination由于受到污染所造成的寄生性傳染 Origin or Causes of Hazards 致災因子的起源或起因 Hazards 致災因子 Origin or Causes 起源或起因 Earthquake 地震 Shaking of earth by the waves below the earth’s surface由地表下的波動造成的地面振動 Tsunami 海嘯 Due to earthquake in sea/ocean/lake由海洋或湖泊的地震引起 Volcanoes 火山爆發(fā) Magma pushed upwards through internal pressure developed by dissolved gases由液化的氣體形成的內(nèi)在壓力推動巖漿向上噴射 Landslides 山體滑坡 Down slope transport of soil amp。 rock by natural vibrations changes in direct water content or removal of lateral support由于直接的水體劇烈振動或失去了側(cè)向支持，巖石或土壤向下滑動 Epidemic 瘟疫 Rise in parasitic infestations due to exposu