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er, lumpers and splitters ? Nietzsche as translating humanity back into nature ? The human animal ? Hume again. Hume’s account of human nature drawn entirely from models of animal cognition ? The “whole sensitive creation . . . [e]very thing is conducted by springs and principles, which are not peculiar to man, or any one species of animals” (T ) Substantive Naturalism II ? “Formally, one has sought the feeling of the grandeur of man by pointing to his divine origin。 this has now bee a forbidden way, for at its portal stands the ape, together with other gruesome beasts, grinning knowingly as if to say: no further in this direction!” (D49) ? Humans nevertheless bee beguiled by the sound of “metaphysical bird catchers” who sing “You are more! You are higher! You are of a different origin!” (BGE 230). ? Drives and German biology Why Naturalism? ? We need to understand human nature so as to “gain control of the many vain and fanciful interpretations that have been drawn and scribbled and that have drawn over that eternal basic text of homo natura so far” (BGE 230). ? One key aim of Nietzsche’s Genealogy is to understand how human animals about a particular moral interpretation of themselves ? Such an interpretation has been inimical to human flourishing Two Objections ? Doesn’t Nietzsche reject the idea that there is ‘human nature’? ? Isn’t naturalism mitted to truth and its value in a way that Nietzsche is not? Nature and History ? Nietzsche and the ‘congenital Defect of Philosophers’ who