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食物中毒及其預(yù)防(1)(編輯修改稿)

2025-02-04 07:48 本頁(yè)面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 oning food: marine product including many species of fish, shellfish, and crustaceans( crabs, shrimp, and lobsters ) . ( 檢出率與季節(jié)有關(guān)) ? 墨魚: 93%,蟹: %, ? 帶魚: %,大黃魚: % 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 53 V. parahaemolyticus has been implicated in numerous outbreaks of seafoodborne gastroenteritis in the United States. Crab, oyster, shrimp, and lobster were implicated in 14 outbreaks, which may have resulted from the consumption of raw or insufficiently heated seafood or properly cooked seafood contaminated after cooking. 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 54 Mechanism發(fā)病機(jī)理 ? 感染型中毒:活菌侵襲腸粘膜 腸道 ? 毒素型中毒:耐熱性溶血毒素 中毒癥狀 混合型 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 55 Clinical Manifestation – 1. 潛伏期短 ? Usually these symptoms occur within 24 hours of ingestion. Illness is usually selflimited and lasts 3 days. Severe disease is rare and occurs more monly in persons with weakened immune systems. – 2. 腹痛( 陣發(fā)性 )、腹瀉、嘔吐 ? Intense abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In most cases, the stool was watery, but there were some cases of bloody stool. ? Coldness of extremities, increased pulse, and constriction of blood vessels were also reported. ? Less monly, this anism can cause an infection in the skin when an open wound is exposed to warm seawater. – 3. 預(yù)后 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 56 Background ? 1998年 8月 1日,我市某酒店職工加餐, 8∶00 左右從某熟食店購(gòu)得 17只 鹽水鴨 ,其中 3只由冷盤間廚師領(lǐng)去制作冷盤供應(yīng)顧客;其余 14只存放于廚房生配案板上作職工加餐用。約 9∶00 開始由一幫廚切好裝盤,仍放置在廚房?jī)?nèi),從 10∶30 ~ 11∶30 職工分別食用。自 8月 2日凌晨 1∶00 ~上午 9∶00 陸續(xù)有 50名職工發(fā)病住院治療,主要癥狀為 腹痛、腹瀉、嘔吐 , 3日大多痊愈出院。采集 1日午餐職工用餐所使用的刀板刮取物,幫廚所用抹布及 2例病人大便,均檢出 副溶血性弧菌 ;采集冷盤間冰箱剩余鹽水鴨,未檢出副溶血性弧菌。當(dāng)日食用冷盤間制作的鹽水鴨的顧客未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常。 details of a case on V. Parahemolyticus 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 57 Analysis 加工場(chǎng)所條件及人員 經(jīng) 調(diào)查得知,該幫廚平時(shí)負(fù)責(zé)宰 殺海鮮,當(dāng)日所用刀、板、抹布均為日常宰殺海鮮用,未作消毒。時(shí)值盛夏,氣溫在 30℃ 以上,廚房無(wú)降溫設(shè)施,溫度更高,適宜細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)繁殖,食用間隔期 (鹽水鴨自購(gòu)回到食用 )在 2h以上,存放容器均為切配生菜所用容器;而供應(yīng)顧客的冷盤在一專室制作,有降溫及冷藏設(shè)施,工具容器均專用,并由專人操作。 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 58 Causation ? 從調(diào)查結(jié)果可以看出, 這是一起典型的由于生熟 不分,導(dǎo)致副溶血性弧菌污染其它食物而引起的食物中毒。這與酒店內(nèi)部管理不善,操作者衛(wèi)生知識(shí)缺乏有直接關(guān)系;而所有的環(huán)境條件又正好適宜于副溶血性弧菌的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,最終導(dǎo)致了這次中毒的發(fā)生。 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 59 Reflection 1. 副溶血性弧菌廣泛分布在夏季的沿岸海水中,魚貝類海鮮受污染的可能性很高,配制時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意通過(guò)烹調(diào)用具和手等污染其它食品的可能。 根據(jù)本菌在 10℃ 以下不發(fā)育, 而在 25℃ 以上增殖速度為金黃色葡萄球菌和沙門氏菌等的 2倍的特點(diǎn) ,烹調(diào)后的食品應(yīng)盡快吃完,減少污染繁殖的機(jī)會(huì)。 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 60 ? 2. 加強(qiáng)對(duì)酒店管理人員及廚師的衛(wèi)生知識(shí)培訓(xùn),提高他們的衛(wèi)生意識(shí),特別要強(qiáng)化廚師生熟分開的意識(shí),對(duì)直接入口熟鹵菜的加工制作真正做到 “ 五專 ” 。 ? 3. 在細(xì)菌性食物中毒高發(fā)的夏秋季,衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督部門要加大監(jiān)督力度,提高監(jiān)督水平,將食品加工過(guò)程中存在的衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題作為監(jiān)督的重點(diǎn)。并廣泛做好宣傳,提高群眾自我保護(hù)意識(shí),防止細(xì)菌性食物中毒的發(fā)生。 The symptoms mon to all patients were most people bee infected by eating raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 61 Staphylococcus aureus 葡萄球菌腸毒素食物中毒 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 62 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 63 1. Pathogeny ? 種屬:微球菌科 ( Micrococcaceae) 、 G+球菌 ? 分類: A、 B、 C C C D、 E、 F( 8 serum type) . Type A: most mon, and poison. 凝固酶 致病力 ? 習(xí)性:適溫 37℃ , 較耐熱 , 兼性厭氧 , 耐鹽 , 對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件要求不高 , 最常見的化膿性球菌之一 , 自然界分存廣泛 . ? 腸毒素 ( enterotoxin) 結(jié)構(gòu):蛋白質(zhì)類毒素 , 分子量 26000~30000 毒性: 1181。g/ 耐熱: 100℃ 下可耐受 30min, 破壞食物中的腸毒素 100 ℃ , 2小時(shí) . 抗酶解:人體蛋白酶不能消化分解 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 64 2. Epidemiological Characteristic 1) 發(fā)病季節(jié) : 2) 引起中毒的食品:奶及奶制品最為常見 ( 營(yíng)養(yǎng) 豐富 , 水分充足 ) 3) 食物中葡萄球菌的來(lái)源: – 葡萄球菌廣葡萄球菌存在于空氣 、 土壤 、 水中 – 患化膿性皮膚病 , 急性上呼吸道炎癥和口腔疾患的病人 , 鼻腔帶菌率為 %, – 健康人為 20~30% – 人類帶菌是污染食品的 主要原因 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 65 S. Aureus in human ? S. aureus is one of the major causes of hospitalacquired infection. One study ranked it fourth in a listing of the “Pathogens Most Frequently Isolated From Hospitalized Patients When All Anatomic Sites Are Considered” . ? Approximately 40% of the general population and 50 – 90% of health care practitioners harbor an S. aureus colony in their anterior nasal passage. ? Infection bees a problem when bacteria migrate from their normal habitat, especially in individuals already suffering from a promised immunologic response. 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 66 4)葡萄球菌的產(chǎn)毒條件 ? 食物的成分和性質(zhì) ( 含淀粉和水豐富的食品 ) ? 污染程度 ( 106 ~109/ g) ? 適宜的溫度 ( 25~30 ℃ , 5~10h) ? 足夠的潛伏期 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 67 ? 切粉的生產(chǎn)工藝(不含現(xiàn)做現(xiàn)賣的切粉)大米 →水冼 3次,浸泡 2~ 3小時(shí) →磨漿 →蒸煮→風(fēng)冷 →刷食用油 →切條 →裝筐 ? 榨粉的生產(chǎn)工藝(不含現(xiàn)榨現(xiàn)賣的生榨粉)大米 →水冼、浸泡 →磨漿 →蒸煮成塊狀 →壓榨成圓條狀 →煮熟 →水漂(冷) →裝箱 米粉也是常見的中毒食品 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 68 3. Poisoning Mechanism ? The toxins most relevant to disease causing symptoms in humans are the superantigens and ?toxins. ? The ?toxins oligomerize to form pores in the host cellular membrane, allowing cellular contents to leak into the extracellular matrix. ? The superantigens, consisting of enterotoxins and the toxic shock syndrome toxin, are responsible for S. aureusrelated food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, respectively. 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 69 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 70 Toxic schock syndrome toxin causes 75 % of toxic shock syndrome cases reported. Superantigens stimulate Tcells nonspecifically, causing the release of large amounts of cytokines. The cytockines are responsible for the toxic chock syndrome symptoms. S. aureus produces two types of superantigens, enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin. 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 71 Food poisoning mechanism 小腸粘膜 adenylate cyclase: ATP→ cAMP↑ 腸毒素 小腸粘膜 guanylate cyclase: GTP→ cGMP↑ 細(xì)胞分泌功能改變 Na+、 H2O的吸收抑制與 Cl分泌亢進(jìn) Na+、 Cl、 H2O在腸腔潴留 腹瀉 吸收入血 到達(dá)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)刺激嘔吐中樞 嘔吐 Enterotoxins: Typical Toxic type food poisoning 2/3/2022 Food poisioning 72 Clin
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