【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 erally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, anisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, anisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine anisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, anisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, anisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering bb3c09211f1fa58742103694cabddd03 17 and erosion. Marine anisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. ? 構(gòu)建閱讀邏輯 , 變翻譯為整體理解 強(qiáng)調(diào)一遍閱讀法 (3) 文章的類型和題材 1) 文章類型 : :參見 OG 第 19 頁(yè) ? 順承式 : 時(shí)間及時(shí)間發(fā)展線索 .(線型結(jié)構(gòu) ) ? 分類式 : 分類方式及類別特征 . (樹型結(jié)構(gòu) ) ? 問題解決式 \現(xiàn)象解釋 式 : 解決方案 \解釋及最終結(jié)論 .(傘型結(jié)構(gòu) ) 2) 題材分類 ? 自然科學(xué) a. 生物學(xué) ? 植物學(xué) : 植物的分類和特征 ? 動(dòng)物學(xué) : 動(dòng)物的分類和行為 .鳥類 \群體昆蟲 \海洋生物 ? 微生物學(xué) : 真菌 (蘑菇 \真菌的頑固 ) b. 地理 \地質(zhì)學(xué) ? 地形 \地貌特征 : 成因 \分布 \氣候 \生態(tài) \影響 ? 地質(zhì)事件 : 成因或原理 \過(guò)程 \影響 c. 天文學(xué) 精讀 : 消除閱讀障礙的閱讀方式→確保閱讀的正確性→對(duì) 泛讀 : 快速有效閱讀 /廣泛閱讀→獲取有效信息→快 /廣 bb3c09211f1fa58742103694cabddd03 18 ? 具體的星體特征 : 基本特征 (形狀 \距離 \軌道 \旋轉(zhuǎn) \溫度 \質(zhì)量 )。 大氣層 (氫氣 \氦氣 \氨氣 \甲烷 )。 表面特征 。 水和生命形式 。 人的探索 ? 天文學(xué)事件 : 成因 \過(guò)程 \影響 d. 考古學(xué) ? 古生物 : 恐龍 (滅絕 ), 鳥類 ( 進(jìn)化史 pterosaur→ archaeopteryx→ modern birds) ? 古代遺址 \遺跡 : 中國(guó)的古代遺跡 ? 災(zāi)害性天氣 : 成因 \過(guò)程 \危害 \預(yù)防 ? 天氣預(yù)報(bào) : 衛(wèi)星 \計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù) f. 新技術(shù)和新事物 ? 發(fā)展史 ? 特征及應(yīng)用 ? 人文科學(xué) a. 美國(guó)歷史 ? 土人 : 生活 \宗教 \藝術(shù) ? 都市化過(guò)程 : 人口增長(zhǎng) \城市擴(kuò)張 \交通發(fā)展 \經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮 b. 歷史學(xué)和人類學(xué) ? 原始人生活變遷 : 游牧到定居 (農(nóng)業(yè) ) ? 古代文明 bb3c09211f1fa58742103694cabddd03 19 c. 文學(xué) ? 流派 : 產(chǎn)生 \思想 \代表 ? 作家 : 生平 \作品 d. 繪畫和雕塑 ? 流派 ? 類型 :城市藝術(shù) ? 畫家 e. 音樂 ? 類型 : country, ragtime… ? 樂器 : 人類情感分析 三 . 新托福閱讀題型解析 1. 詞匯題 (Vocabulary Question) (1) 詞匯題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式 : 參見 OG 第 25 頁(yè) (2) 詞匯題的解答方法 ? 認(rèn)識(shí)：直接解題，沾邊就對(duì)。 ? 不認(rèn)識(shí)： 推斷： 從詞的本身 上下文：因果＼對(duì)比＼解釋 代入驗(yàn)證 猜 bb3c09211f1fa58742103694cabddd03 20 2. 指代題 (Reference Question) (1) 指代題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式 : 參見 OG 第 26~27 頁(yè) (2) 指代題的解答方法 ? 代詞 a. 從句的主語(yǔ)指代主語(yǔ)的主賓語(yǔ) (使用屬性判斷 ,不用含義 ) b. 關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞 (插入結(jié)構(gòu)不影響指代關(guān)系 ) c. 重復(fù)概念指代 : Tom and his cat(就近原則 ) d. some of others some + n + of + n, others 指名詞 some + v, some others 共指之前概念 ? 名詞 : a. 優(yōu)先選擇題干的上下意詞 a is a kind of A, A 是 a 的上意詞 b. 若上下 意詞不唯一則當(dāng)作代詞指代處理 注意 : 往往在代詞之前出現(xiàn) b. 從句開頭往后找答案 c. 代詞和被指代對(duì)象的數(shù)性和性質(zhì)必須一致 d. 指代的傳遞現(xiàn)象 Jupiters and other giant pla are of a lowdensity type quite distinct from the The word they in the passage refers to bb3c09211f1fa58742103694cabddd03 21 terrestrial plas: they are posed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane. (A) nuclear reactions (B) giant plas (C) terrestrial (D) substances If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The word which in the passage refers to (A) tissues (B) substances (C) barriers (D) alkaloids Aciculturists, people who raise birs for mercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. The word They in the passage refers to (A) birds (B) avicuturists (C) eggs (D) rates What is particularly meaningful to anthropology is the realization that although the material available to a society may to some extend limit or influence what The word it in the passage refers to (A) realization (B) society bb3c09211f1fa58742103694cabddd03 22 it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done. (C) extent (D) influence Some of their baskets were pletely covered with shell pendants。 others with featers that made the baskets? surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. The word others in the passage refers to (A) masters (B) baskets (C) pendants (D) surfaces Encouraged by the example of certain Americans of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and Gee Luks, who had included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as trivial or sendimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began to strive for social and cutural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extend, others segments of American society began to change their attitudes The word them in the passage refers to (A) Americans of European descent (B) paintings (C) African American artists (D) attitudes bb3c09211f1fa58742103694cabddd03 23 toward them. 3. 事實(shí)信息題 ( Factual Information Question) (1) 事實(shí)題簡(jiǎn)介和提問方式 : 參見 OG 第 20 頁(yè) (2) 事實(shí)題的正確選項(xiàng)特征 : 原文重現(xiàn) 和 同義改寫 (3) 細(xì)節(jié)類題目的干擾方式 1) 信息滯留 點(diǎn) ?