【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 大鳥(niǎo)的歌。在剛開(kāi)始的3個(gè)月，還沒(méi)有形成自己的歌聲前，給小鳥(niǎo)聽(tīng)其它鳥(niǎo)唱歌的磁帶recording。它很快就學(xué)會(huì)了recording里的鳥(niǎo)的叫聲（dialect），它的調(diào)子很快就和那些鳥(niǎo)的調(diào)子一樣了。此研究顯示：它的dialect不是由基因決定，而是與環(huán)境有很大關(guān)系。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)4個(gè)月以后，它都只會(huì)唱自己的調(diào)調(diào)，再給它聽(tīng)別的recording，它也學(xué)不會(huì)了unreceptive(考了這個(gè)詞的意思)。說(shuō)明后天學(xué)習(xí)也有時(shí)間限制。試驗(yàn)三、另一種鳥(niǎo)，F(xiàn)開(kāi)頭的。說(shuō)這種鳥(niǎo)如果不讓它們聽(tīng)到自己的聲音，它們就只能形成破碎的音節(jié)而已，連不成歌。一定要讓它們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)自己在發(fā)什么音，才能讓它們唱好。單詞題：ultimately,reinforce,proliferate/proliferation,superb,optimal,blur。12. 電報(bào)科技進(jìn)步，1840S的電報(bào)已經(jīng)有了長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步云云，Telegraph有很重大的意義：拉進(jìn)了longdistance munication。但是遇到了一些obstacle:fund不夠。也缺少management；好像還有一個(gè)缺陷（然后提出了兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：到底是由誰(shuí)來(lái)負(fù)責(zé)，投資？）電報(bào)在美國(guó)的發(fā)展史：當(dāng)時(shí)Telegraph在美國(guó)發(fā)展得不如在歐洲發(fā)展得好，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人還把精力放在電話telephone的研究上。在美國(guó)，telegraphsystem掌控在私人企業(yè)手里（私有化的private），很多私人商務(wù)行為都用電報(bào)來(lái)聯(lián)系。這些私企有些很壟斷monopoly。在19世紀(jì)，電報(bào)被納入政府監(jiān)管undergovernment regulation。之后，although美國(guó)那時(shí)有科技的限制，但電報(bào)在美國(guó)發(fā)展得最好的，得到了普及。電報(bào)在歐洲的發(fā)展史：當(dāng)時(shí)很多歐洲國(guó)家擔(dān)心電報(bào)會(huì)使情報(bào)外流，就在猶豫要不要立法來(lái)規(guī)范電報(bào)行為。隨著發(fā)展，歐洲國(guó)家把telegraph納入governmentalcontrol（國(guó)家政府管理）,主要應(yīng)用在郵政系統(tǒng)postal system方面，因此歐洲國(guó)家的傳統(tǒng)郵政postal業(yè)又恢復(fù)生機(jī)。電報(bào)需要建立net，這為后來(lái)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建立提供了很多思路，所以說(shuō)telegraph是非常revolutionaryinvention。雖然telegraph重要，但其不像人們猜測(cè)的那么重要，因?yàn)樵诋?dāng)時(shí)，transportation已經(jīng)發(fā)展了，人們之間的距離被縮短了（物流發(fā)達(dá)），因此，不應(yīng)過(guò)分夸大電報(bào)發(fā)明的意義。電報(bào)只產(chǎn)生了littlechange（這點(diǎn)在后面也有考到）。Listening1. 神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞lecture神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞研究。教授說(shuō)早期對(duì)人類大腦的研究集中在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞neuron，讓一男生起來(lái)回答上節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容，男生說(shuō)生物電生物電bioelectricity 通過(guò)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞傳導(dǎo)，通過(guò)兩個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的接觸點(diǎn)傳到下一個(gè)細(xì)胞，有趣的是。說(shuō)到這里被教授打斷，說(shuō)他答得已經(jīng)很完整了（有題，問(wèn)教授打斷他的用意）。神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽視了，人們認(rèn)為膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞只有支持神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的作用。后來(lái)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞也有傳導(dǎo)信息的作用，不是通過(guò)生物電，而是化學(xué)物質(zhì)傳導(dǎo)。于是總共有三種傳導(dǎo)方式，神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間，膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞間，神經(jīng)和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞互相傳導(dǎo)。而且發(fā)現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及其巨大，遠(yuǎn)多于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。同時(shí)還可能有修復(fù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，決定哪些神經(jīng)長(zhǎng)的大［記得可能不準(zhǔn)］。教授又說(shuō)，膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可能與智力有關(guān)，越多智商越高，但這不確定。教授說(shuō)對(duì)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的研究是一個(gè)很open up的領(lǐng)域，建議學(xué)生們可以考慮畢業(yè)后作深入研究（有題）。 重要：biology 講glial cell。以往人們對(duì)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的研究?jī)H限于neuron（神經(jīng)元），也叫nerve cell。神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通過(guò)electrical munication從一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)傳到另一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)，神經(jīng)元被認(rèn)為起主要作用，glial cell研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons (出題)，起輔助作用。后來(lái)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦中g(shù)lial cell比neuron的數(shù)目多很多，glial cell引起了科學(xué)家的重視，開(kāi)始研究它究竟起什么作用（此處出題，問(wèn)glial cell怎么引起科學(xué)家注意的）。后來(lái)有一重大突破， 發(fā)現(xiàn)glial cell傳導(dǎo)信號(hào)不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（一說(shuō)chemical munication）（此處出題）。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)一直誤以為glial cell也像nerve cell一樣用電信號(hào)。后來(lái)談到glial cell可能的作用：使人更intelligent。對(duì)glial cell的認(rèn)識(shí)目前十分有限，但相關(guān)研究已經(jīng)開(kāi)始流行，是大家畢業(yè)之后可選的研究課題（此處出題） Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to municate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell. Glial cells (神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞)and Neurons （神經(jīng)細(xì)胞）Glial cells, monly called neuroglia or simply glia, are nonneuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[1]Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the glue膠水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons供養(yǎng), to insulate one neuron from another隔開(kāi), and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破壞病菌，轉(zhuǎn)移死N.Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 39。connective tissue39。 in the human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. [1] Following its discovery in the late 19th century, this fact underwent significant media distortion, emerging as the famous myth claiming that we are using only 10% of our brain. The role of glial cells as managers of munications in the synapse突觸 gap, thus modifying learning pace, has been discovered only very recently In addition to neurons, the nervous system is populated with another category of cells, glial cells. Glial cells are approximately 10 times more plentiful than neurons, but since they are approximately onetenth the size, they take up equal size, glia is a Greek term meaning glue, researches originally believed that glial cells served as the putty that held the neurons together, recent research indicates that these cells provide very important contributions.a neuron is the functioning unit of the nervous system, specialized to receive, integrate, and transmit information, the flow of information moves in the following direction.2. ID Problem 女學(xué)生丟了錢包（里面有她的student idamp。 meal cardamp。 key等東西.），無(wú)法回dorm。于是去student service辦id card，遇到staff（口音像是一位黑人大叔）把守，說(shuō)沒(méi)有id card 不能進(jìn)去，要么出示dirving license，要么是有頭像照片的本本，比如passport什么的。但是女生說(shuō)，我的wallet丟了，id card沒(méi)了，passport也在dorm里面，而沒(méi)有id card，dorm不讓進(jìn)(有題目,問(wèn)她為什么拿不到passport?)。后來(lái)女說(shuō)這個(gè)問(wèn)題她和dorm負(fù)責(zé)人說(shuō)過(guò)，有 到這里做說(shuō)明，staff查了查