【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 其他： 刑事訴訟法的立法宗旨 是保證刑 法的正確實(shí)施，懲罰犯罪，保護(hù)人民，保障國(guó)家安全和社會(huì)公共安全，維護(hù)社會(huì)主義秩序。 在自訴案件中，自訴人負(fù)有舉證責(zé)任。 ! S, 公訴案件被害人的訴訟代理人有權(quán)在被害人收到不起訴決定書(shū)后的 7 日內(nèi)，代第 6 頁(yè) 共 8 頁(yè) 第 6 頁(yè) 共 8 頁(yè) 其向人民檢察院提出申訴，也可以經(jīng)被害人授權(quán)代被害人向人民法院提起自訴。 回避的決定： 偵查人員、檢察人員、審判人員的回避由公安機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人、檢 察長(zhǎng)、法院院長(zhǎng)決定。 公安機(jī)關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人和檢察長(zhǎng)回避由同級(jí)人民檢察院檢察委員會(huì)決定。 法院院長(zhǎng)回避由審判委員會(huì)決定。 書(shū)記員、翻譯人員、鑒定人回避由法院院長(zhǎng)決定（審判階段）。 保證金由公安機(jī)關(guān)統(tǒng)一收取和保管。 取保候?qū)徲晒珯z法決定，公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行。 取保候?qū)徸铋L(zhǎng)不得超過(guò) 12 個(gè)月。 監(jiān)視居住由公檢法決定，公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行。 監(jiān)視居住最長(zhǎng)不超過(guò) 6 個(gè)月。 拘留由公檢決定，公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行。 ( L9 Y ]% 拘留的羈押期限為 10 日， 14 日， 37 日。 卓 逮捕有檢法決定，公安機(jī)關(guān)執(zhí)行。 z7 D/ ?逮捕縣級(jí)以上人大代表的，須報(bào)請(qǐng)?jiān)撊舜笾飨瘓F(tuán)或常委會(huì)許可。逮捕鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)一級(jí)人大代表時(shí)，應(yīng)報(bào)告該人大。 公檢法的工作人員在接受立案材料后應(yīng)當(dāng)填寫(xiě) 受理刑事案件登記表〉 自訴案件不予立案的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在 15 日內(nèi)作出不立案決定書(shū)， 書(shū)面通知自訴人。 偵查實(shí)驗(yàn)應(yīng)當(dāng)由偵查人員進(jìn)行，并應(yīng)當(dāng)邀請(qǐng)兩名以上見(jiàn)證人在場(chǎng)。 免費(fèi)電大作業(yè)答 訊問(wèn)犯罪嫌疑人的程序：訊問(wèn)犯罪嫌疑人必須依照法定程序進(jìn)行。 至少由兩名偵查人員進(jìn)行訊問(wèn)。 在法定的地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間內(nèi)訊問(wèn)。持續(xù)的時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)不得超過(guò) 12 小時(shí)。偵查人員在訊問(wèn)犯罪嫌疑人的時(shí)候，應(yīng)當(dāng)首先訊問(wèn)犯罪嫌疑人是否有犯罪行為，讓他陳述有罪情節(jié)或者進(jìn)行無(wú)罪的辯解，然后向他提出問(wèn)題。 對(duì)特殊的訊問(wèn)對(duì)象適用特殊的程序。 依 法制作訊問(wèn)筆錄。 嚴(yán)禁刑訊逼供或以威脅、引誘、欺騙以及其他非法方式進(jìn)行訊問(wèn)，切實(shí)保障犯罪嫌疑人的訴訟權(quán)利。 詢問(wèn)證人的程序： 詢問(wèn)證人只能由偵查人員進(jìn)行。 郵電在法律規(guī)定的地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行。 詢問(wèn)應(yīng)當(dāng)個(gè)別進(jìn)行。 偵查人員應(yīng)當(dāng)告知證人必須如實(shí)地提供證據(jù)、證言和有意作偽證或者隱匿罪證要負(fù)的法律責(zé)任。 應(yīng)當(dāng)為證人提供客觀充分地提供證據(jù)的條件。 應(yīng)當(dāng)依法制作詢問(wèn)筆錄。也可以讓證人親筆書(shū)寫(xiě)證詞。 搜查的程序： 搜查只能由公安機(jī)關(guān)，人民檢察院等偵查機(jī)關(guān)的偵查人員依法進(jìn)行，其他任何機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體和個(gè)人都無(wú)權(quán)對(duì)公民人身和住宅進(jìn)行搜查。 搜查時(shí)，必須有兩名以上偵查人員，并持有縣級(jí)以上偵查機(jī)關(guān)的主要負(fù)責(zé)人簽發(fā)的搜查證。 任何單位和個(gè)人都有義務(wù)按照公安機(jī)關(guān)和人民檢察院的要求，交出可以證明犯罪嫌疑人有罪或者無(wú)罪的物證、書(shū)證、視聽(tīng)資料。否則偵查機(jī)關(guān)可以依法強(qiáng)制提取。 搜查時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)有被搜查人或者他的家屬、鄰居或者其他 見(jiàn)證人在場(chǎng)。 搜查婦女的身體，應(yīng)當(dāng)有女工作人員進(jìn)行。 搜查的情況應(yīng)當(dāng)寫(xiě)成筆錄，由偵查人員和被搜查人員或者他的家屬、鄰居或者其他見(jiàn)證人簽名或蓋章。如果被搜查人在逃或者他的家屬拒絕簽名、蓋章的，應(yīng)當(dāng)記明于筆錄。 人民檢察院對(duì)偵查終結(jié)的案件的處理方式：提起公訴、不起訴和撤銷(xiāo)案件。 ) C+ O, 審查起訴的對(duì)象是案件事實(shí)、證據(jù)和適用法律等問(wèn)題。 審查起訴的方法步驟： 審查起訴意見(jiàn)書(shū)等。 訊問(wèn)犯罪嫌疑人。 聽(tīng)取被害人意見(jiàn)。 聽(tīng)取委托人的意見(jiàn)。 調(diào)查核實(shí)其他證據(jù)材料。 補(bǔ)充偵查。（退回公安機(jī)關(guān)偵查或自行偵查。） 補(bǔ)充偵查次數(shù)以兩次為限，每次應(yīng)在 1 個(gè)月內(nèi)補(bǔ)查完畢。 第 7 頁(yè) 共 8 頁(yè) 第 7 頁(yè) 共 8 頁(yè) 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄 Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These ter