【文章內(nèi)容簡介】
權(quán)力 9 西周后期已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了將王室與國家區(qū)分開來的政治觀念,相 應(yīng)地,在制度上也出現(xiàn)了內(nèi)廷與外朝的劃分。( )成為執(zhí)政大臣的重要參謀和秘書機構(gòu)。 ( B ) A、太史寮 B、卿士寮 C、司徒 D、司馬 9 西周時期存在兩個職官系統(tǒng)。一是負(fù)責(zé)處理國家事務(wù)的外朝官系統(tǒng),二是負(fù)責(zé)王室事務(wù)的宮廷系統(tǒng)。前者的首腦稱“師”、“?!薄⒒颉扒涫俊?。后者的首腦稱 ( A ) 。 A、太宰 B、宰相 C、執(zhí)政 D、相 9 西周宗法制是以在同一宗族內(nèi),大宗、小宗的的劃分為基本特征,而大宗、小宗的劃分是以 ( )為基礎(chǔ)的。 ( A ) A、嫡庶之分 B、財富多寡 C、人數(shù)多少 D、遠(yuǎn)近 9 夏以后,()成為王權(quán)固定的繼承模式,并得到了傳統(tǒng)合法性觀念的有力支持,從而構(gòu)成了中國政治制度和政治文化的核心內(nèi)容,從這個意義上說,夏王朝的建立有著劃時代的意義。 ( A ) A、世襲制 B、禪讓制 C、長子繼承制 D、選舉制 9 湘軍的創(chuàng)始人是( C )。 A、李鴻章 B、張之洞 C、曾國藩 D、左宗棠 9 新軍中的“自強軍”是由( )創(chuàng)辦的。 ( B ) A、李鴻章 B、張之洞 C、袁世凱 D、曾國藩 Y 以 題目 首字拼音排序 第 6 頁 共 8 頁 9 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭后,根據(jù)《南京條約》規(guī)定,中國開放廣州、福州、廈門、寧波、上海五個通商口岸。為此,清政府設(shè)置了( ),具體辦理與西方各國的通商及外交事務(wù)。 ( A ) A、五口通商大臣 B、南洋大臣 C、北洋大臣 D、辦理通商事務(wù)大臣 9 由于封建制和宗法制的實施,西周的任官制度是( ),幾乎所有的官職都是在特定的貴族家族的宗主之間世襲。( C ) A、任子 B、舉孝廉 C、世卿世祿制 D、九品中正制 100、 預(yù)備立憲時期的咨議局是一個( )“民意”機構(gòu)。 ( C ) A、中央 B、直隸 C、地方 D、南方 10 元朝中央設(shè)立中書省,地方上設(shè)立十一個( ),行省下設(shè)路、府、州、縣。 ( A ) A、行省 B、道 C、郡 D、軍 10 袁世凱于 1916 年 3 月 23 日下了取消帝制令,廢止“洪憲”年號,恢復(fù)民國年號。袁世凱死后,由( )繼任大總統(tǒng)。 ( C ) A、孫中山 B、馮國璋 C、黎元洪 D、段祺瑞 Z 10 戰(zhàn)國時期,隨著官僚制的建立,各國普遍實行( )制度。只是稱呼有所不同。 ( A ) A、宰相 B、執(zhí)政 C、相 D、三公 10 戰(zhàn)國時期,因各國的度量衡不統(tǒng)一,薪俸制度的支付單位也是不一致的。其中,楚國是以 ( ) 為單位。 ( A ) A、擔(dān) B、種 C、斛 D、石 10 戰(zhàn)國時期,原來的執(zhí)政正式演化為( )制度。除楚國仍沿用春秋時“令尹”名稱外,山東各國的執(zhí)政均稱“相”。其職能為“百官之長”。 ( B ) A、職官 B、丞相 C、言諫 D、監(jiān)察 10 戰(zhàn)國時期,主要采用( )作為官員薪俸發(fā)放的形式。 ( B ) A、采邑 B、糧食 C、貨幣 D、爵位 10 致仕官員給俸之制,始于西漢末年。平帝元始元年(公元 1 年)定制:“天下吏比二千石以上年老致仕者,三分故祿,以一與之,終其身?!备鶕?jù)這一規(guī)定,只有( )以上官員退休,才能領(lǐng)取原俸的三分之一以養(yǎng)老,一千石以下各級官員尚無法享受領(lǐng)取退休金的待遇。 ( C ) A、千石 B、二千石 C、比二千石 D、中二千石 10 中國歷史上,外戚干政以( )時期最為嚴(yán)重。漢高祖死后,呂后稱制,大封諸呂,開外戚干政先河。 ( B ) A、秦 B、 兩漢 C、隋唐 D、明清 10 中國歷史上,最早實行刺史制度的是( ) ,將全國劃分為十三部(州),刺史分部巡行監(jiān)察,刺舉不法。 ( B ) A、秦始皇 B、漢武帝 C、唐太宗 D、宋太祖 以 題目 首字拼音排序 第 7 頁 共 8 頁 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容, O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?! 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全,電大期末考試必備小抄,電大考試必過小抄 Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the memb