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k factor analyses ? Retrospective analysis (PPM only) ? Antibiotic prophylaxis had a protective effect (OR, 。 95% CI, –。 P=). ? Prospective analysis (PPM and ICD) ? Lack of antibiotic prophylaxis was associated with an increased risk of infection (HR, 。 95% CI, –。 P) ? Seven prospective clinical trials included (PPM) ? Antibiotic prophylaxis was negatively correlated with risk of infection (adjusted OR, 。 95% CI, –。 P=) ? Metaanalysis ? Seven prospective clinical trials included (PPM) ? Antibiotic prophylaxis had a protective effect (OR, 。 95% CI, –。 P=) ? Clinical trial ? Doubleblind, randomized, placebocontrolled clinical trial (PPM and ICD) ? Patient enrollment was stopped prematurely because of a significant difference in favor of the antibiotic arm (RR, 。 95% CI, –。 P=). 起搏器術(shù)后感染的危險因素: 圍手術(shù)期抗生素是否使用 ? 血腫和患者抗凝藥物的使用密切相關(guān) ? 血腫是起搏器感染的危險因素 ? REPLACE Registry (5 of 22 [%] vs 17 of 1,722 [%], P = ) ? 2020年 AHA/HRS指南已將預(yù)防血腫作為預(yù)防 CIED的重要措施 起搏器感染的危險因素:血腫 (Hematoma)和抗凝藥物 起搏器植入術(shù)后感染的預(yù)防 ? 患者相關(guān) ? 植入器械相關(guān) ? 植入過程相關(guān) ? 患者基礎(chǔ)疾病的控制 ? 呼吸,腎功能,心功能 ? 24小時內(nèi)的發(fā)熱控制 ? 抗凝 藥的使用 起搏器感染的預(yù)防 —— 患者相關(guān) ? 起搏器的 選擇 ? 避免皮膚張力過大 ? 起搏器的壽命:更換會增加感染的概率 ? 電極的選用 ? 特別是 ICD電極:對于感染高危因素的患者,可考慮使用單線圈電極 ? 感染性心內(nèi)膜炎患者:使用心外膜電極 起搏器術(shù)后感染的預(yù)防 —— 植入裝置相關(guān) ? 術(shù)前 ? 抗生素的使用 ? 消毒 ? 術(shù) 中 ? 避免 污染 ? 起搏器的放置 ? 預(yù)防血腫的行成 ? 術(shù) 后 ? 預(yù)防血腫的行成 起搏器術(shù)后感染的預(yù)防 —— 植入過程相關(guān) ? AHA/HRS/ACC指南 ? Remendations for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis at the Time of CIED Placement Class I: Prophylaxis with an antibiotic that has in vitro activity against staphylococci should be administered. If cefazolin is selected for use, then it should be administered intravenously within 1 hour before incision。 if vanycin is given, then it should be administered intravenously within 2 hours before incision. (Level of Evidence: A)