【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 earn how to fail. Consider the finding that worldclass figure skaters fall over more often in practice than lowlevel figure skaters. Why are the really good skaters falling over the most? The reason is actually quite simple. Top skaters are constantly challenging themselves in practice. ________ (stretch) their limitations, they keep trying their best. They fall over so often, but it is precisely why they learn so fast. Lowerlevel skaters have a quite different approach. They are always attempting jumps they can already do very easily, ________ (remain) within their fort zone. This is why they don39。t fall over. In a superficial sense, they look successful, because they are always on their feet. Never ________ (fail) in practice prevents them from making progress. ________ is true of skating is also true of life. James Dyson worked through 5,126 prototypes (原型) for his newest vacuum before ing up with the design ________ made his fortune. These failures were essential to the pathway of learning. As Dyson put ________: You can39。t develop new technology unless you test new ideas and learn when things go wrong. Failure is essential to invention. In healthcare, however, things are very different. Clinicians don39。t like to admit to failure, partly because they have strongegos (自我) —particularly the senior doctors—and partly because they fear litigation (訴訟). The consequence is that ________ learning from failure, healthcare often covers up failure. The direct consequence is that the same mistakes ________ (repeat). According to the Journal of Patient Safety, 400,000 people die every year in American hospitals alone due to preventable error. ________ healthcare learns to respond positively to failure, things will not improve.【答案】 if / when；To stretch；remaining；failing；What；which / that；it；instead of；are repeated；Until / Unless 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文，只有先學(xué)會如何失敗，才能真正成功，作者用這個道理告訴美國的醫(yī)療保健部門只有學(xué)會積極面對失敗，醫(yī)療事故的情況才會好轉(zhuǎn)。 （1）考查狀語從句。句意：但矛盾的是，我們的孩子只有先學(xué)會如何失敗，才能真正成功。根據(jù)句意可知此處既可以用if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，表示如果……，也可用when引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表示當(dāng)……的時候，故填if / when。 （2）考查非謂語動詞。句意：為了突破自己的局限，他們一直在努力。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示目的，應(yīng)該用不定式做目的狀語，故填To stretch。 （3）考查非謂語動詞。句意：他們總是嘗試他們已經(jīng)做得很容易的動作，保持在他們的舒適區(qū)內(nèi)。They與remain之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示主動，用現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語，故填remaining。 （4）考查非謂語動詞。句意：在實踐中從不失敗會阻礙他們進步。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處用動名詞做主語，故填failing。 （5）考查主語從句。句意：生活中的情況和滑冰的情況是一樣的。此處為主語從句，從句中缺少主語，故填What。 （6）考查定語從句。句意：詹姆斯戴森為最新款的吸塵器設(shè)計了5126個原型，然后才想出了這個讓他大賺一筆的設(shè)計。此處為定語從句，先行詞為design，指物，關(guān)系詞在從句中做主語，故填which / that。 （7）考查代詞。句意：正如戴森所說的：除非你測試新想法，并在事情出錯時學(xué)習(xí)，否則你不會開發(fā)出新技術(shù)，失敗是發(fā)明的基礎(chǔ)。as someone puts it固定句式。正如某人所說表示。put it表達......故填it。 （8）考查介詞短語。句意：結(jié)果是，醫(yī)療保健往往掩蓋失敗，而不是從失敗中吸取教訓(xùn)。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示而不是，故填instead of。 （9）考查時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意：其直接后果是一再地犯同樣的錯誤。陳述的是客觀事實，mistakes 與repeat之間是被動關(guān)系，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)，故填are repeated。 （10）考查連詞。句意：除非醫(yī)療保健學(xué)會積極面對失敗，否則情況不會好轉(zhuǎn)（直到醫(yī)療保健學(xué)會積極面對失敗，情況才會好轉(zhuǎn)）。根據(jù)句意可知此處表示除非或直到，故填Until / Unless。 【點評】本題考點涉及狀語從句，非謂語動詞，主語從句，定語從句，代詞，介詞短語，時態(tài)語態(tài)以及連詞等多個知識點的考查，是一篇人生感悟類閱讀，要求考生在理解細節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，并結(jié)合相關(guān)語法知識，進行分析推理，從而寫出正確的單詞形式。6．閱讀下面材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容（1個單詞）或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式(每空至多3詞)。 The cave dwelling (Yaodong in Chinese) in Xi39。an , Shaanxi Province, is laid out in rows one atop the other, looking like buildings of multiple floors in the distance . It is a sort of distinctive cave house ________ (dig) into the mountains for dwelling of many laboring people on the Loess Plateau in northwest China. A cave house is usually six meters deep and four meters wide. Stoneslabs (厚板) ________(pile) up to form a semicircle at the entrance, ________ is decorated with beautiful wood or metal windows in a ________ (vary) of styles. The types of the cave dwelling can be divided into the earth cave dwelling, brick cave dwelling ________ stone dwelling. For centuries, they have been regarded ________the symbol of the peasants in northern part of Shaanxi Province. The beauty about the cave dwelling is ________they help maintain local geography and save on farmlands by ________ (make) use of space that would have been otherwise left unused. They are warm in winter and cool in summer. The temperature inside is usually 13 degrees Celsius higher than in the open in winter and 10 degrees Celsius ________ (low) in summer. Statistics show that 40 million people live in cave dwellings that are scattered over an area of 600,000 square kilometers in ________ middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River.【答案】 dug；are piled；which；variety；and；as；that；making；lower；the 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了延安窯洞的地理位置、建筑風(fēng)格及給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆顜淼囊嫣帯?（1）考查非謂語動詞。句意：這是一種頗具特點在山里挖出的洞屋，用作西北黃土高原農(nóng)民工的棲息之地。house與dig之間為被動關(guān)系，使用過去分詞dug。故填dug。 （2）考查時態(tài)語態(tài)。句意：厚石板堆積形成入口處的半圓，入口處裝飾著漂亮的木頭和各式各樣的金屬窗戶。通過分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，主句為“Stoneslabs (厚板)________(pile) up to form a semicircle at the entrance”，主句中存在不定式to form，stonelabs與pile之間為被動關(guān)系，且stonelabs為復(fù)數(shù)，因此橫線上需填入被動語態(tài)形式are piled。故填are piled。 （3）考查定語從句。句意：厚石板堆積形成入口處的半圓，入口處裝飾著漂亮的木頭和各式各樣的金屬窗戶。此句為定語從句，先行詞為橫線前的一句話，在從句中作主語，應(yīng)填入關(guān)