【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 。2 ） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例如：　　 When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）　敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如：　　 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 將來完成時(shí) 　1） 構(gòu)成will have done　2） 概念　 a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了?！　. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：　　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了?！　　? 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 　 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：　 a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：　　 We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你?！? b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：　　 Mr. Green is writing another novel.　他在寫另一部小說。（說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）　　c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, bee, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：　　 The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅?！　? It39。s getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了?！? d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：　　 You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。典型例題　 My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.　　 A. has lost, don39。t find　　 B. is missing, don39。t find　C. has lost, haven39。t found　 D. is missing, haven39。t found.　　 　 答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1）表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有兩兄弟?！　? This house belongs to my sister. 這房子是我姐的?！?）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 我需要你的幫助。　　 He loves her very much. 他愛她很深?！?）瞬間動(dòng)詞，如accept, receive, plete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：　　 I accept your advice. 我接受你的勸告?！?）系動(dòng)詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, bee, turn等。例如：　　 You seem a little tired. 你看上去有點(diǎn)累。 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1）概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3） 常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：　　 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.　 我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來，受了傷?！　?It was raining when they left the station. 他們離開車站時(shí)，正下著雨?！　?When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.　我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽光燦爛。典型例題1） Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.　A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes　答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。2） As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep. A. read；was falling　B. was reading； fell　C. was reading； was falling　D. read；fell　 = when, while，意為當(dāng)……之時(shí)。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。句中的 fell（fall的過去時(shí)），是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 1） 概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。例如：　　　She39。ll be ing soon. 她會(huì)很快來的。　　　I39。ll be meeting him sometime in the future. 將來我一定去見他。注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示意志，不能說 I39。ll be having a talk with her.2）常用的時(shí)間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I39。ll be lying on the beach. 明天此時(shí)，我正躺在海灘上呢。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí) When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。典型例題（1）He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.　 A. had not given。 had not succeeded　　B. would not give。 succeeded　 C. will not give。 succeed　　　　　　 D. would not give。 will succeed.　 答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時(shí)，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時(shí)。 （2） 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。例如：　 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物館明天10點(diǎn)開門。（實(shí)際上每天如此。） 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過去時(shí) 1 ） 書上說，報(bào)紙上說等。例如：　 The newspaper says that it39。s going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說明天會(huì)很冷的?！?） 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。例如：　 Napoleon39。s army now advances and the great battle ，大戰(zhàn)開始了。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1） 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如：　 I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我聽說了他將去倫敦。 　 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。2） 用句型 It is … since…代替It has been … since …。例如：It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 從我們上次見面以來，五年過去了。 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 在Here es…/There goes…等句型里，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如： 　 There goes the bell. 鈴響了。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí) 1） 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如：　　 Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我們一起度周末好嗎?　　 We are leaving soon.　 我們馬上就走。2） 漸變動(dòng)詞，如get, run, grow, bee, begin以及瞬間動(dòng)詞die等。例如：　　 He is dying. 他要死了。 時(shí)態(tài)一致 　 1） 如果從句所敘述的為真理或相對(duì)不變的事實(shí)，則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：　 At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那時(shí)，人們不知道地球是動(dòng)的。　 He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告訴我他十八歲了?！?2） 賓語從句中的，助動(dòng)詞ought, need, must, dare 的時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。例如：　 He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他認(rèn)為我不必告訴你真相。 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語 時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)間狀語一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)every…, sometimes,　at…, on Sunday等一般過去時(shí)yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等一般將來時(shí)next…, tomorrow, in+一段時(shí)間, before+時(shí)間點(diǎn)等現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等過去完成時(shí)before, by+過去的時(shí)間, until, when, after, once等過去進(jìn)行時(shí)this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等將來進(jìn)行時(shí)soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)練習(xí)1.“I don’t like to travel. ”“Have you ever _____ in an airplane?”a. flying b. flew c. flowed d. flown center of gravity of the human body ______ behind his joint.a. located b. locating c. to locate d. is located3.“Today is very cold, isn’t it?” “Yes, the river is _____ over.”a. freezed b. freeze c. frozen d. freezing4.“What happened in that new area?” “New houses ______ recently over there.”a. are built b. build c. have built d. have been b