【正文】
國學者 Stern 提出,在 20 世紀90 年代發(fā)展起來的一種評價公司經營業(yè)績的新的綜合評價指標。究竟以哪個指標為標準來評價企業(yè),才能恰當?shù)捏w現(xiàn)這一原則并驅動企業(yè)創(chuàng)造價值?自 1983 年第一波士頓的分析師提出這個問題以來 [5],對這個問題的爭論超過十年,研究人員提出過多種指標和概念,包括 EPS(每股收益), ROE(凈資產收益率), FCF(自由現(xiàn)金流)等。以 EVA 為衡量標準,可以有效的 防止企業(yè)不實報告利潤和虛增賬面值的不良行為,進而更好獲得投資長期回報。 EVA 的股利分配決策 股利政策是企業(yè)總體決策的一部分,在西方股利政策則存在兩大流派,股利相關和股利無關論。 以 EVA 設立的激勵計劃,在薪酬激勵方面,應盡可能像普 通員工滲透,使員工更愿意在工作中尋找人生意義,并獲取應有的承認、尊重和成就感。二是以 EVA 為基礎的獎金方案設置“獎金庫”更好便及時給予員工獎勵。這些調整使 EVA 能夠更加真實,完整的評價企業(yè)業(yè)績,有利于企業(yè)的價值創(chuàng)造。我們應合理將 EVA 細分得到 EVA 指標的最終驅動因素,并建立簡約量化的指標體系,以提高 EVA 為最終目標。像傳統(tǒng)指標一樣,并規(guī)定詳細的 報告時間及溝通渠道,形成一個獨有的信息傳遞渠道。 ( 2) EVA 指標可能存在主觀隨意性。 and investor munication is primarily in terms of earnings per share and divided policy. It appears that a typical financial management system is hardly a system. Rather it’s a hodgepodge of rules, guidelines, and procedures that employs an array of frequently contradictory measures and objectives, that fosters confusion and conflict within an organization that focuses on performance variables that bear little ration to the value of a business and often leads smart managers to do dumb things. In many panies an obsolete financial management system confounds the search for value. These deficiencies call for an entirely different approach financial management and the EVA financial management system seems to be the answer. The EVA financial management system is based on the premise that EVA provides a single, unified, and accurate measure of performance. It thinks well forward looking 第 20 頁 valuation and capital budgeting analysis with actual performance measurement. For these reasons and more EVA may be used for goal setting and business planning, performance evaluation, bonus determination, investor munication, capital budgeting ands valuation. EVA is an excellent bed rock on which an integrated financial management system can be constructed as it has the following features or characteristics: 1. It is a performance measure that ties directly, theoretically as well as empirically, to shareholders wealth creation. 2. It converts accounting information into economic reality that is readily grasped by nonfinancial managers. It is a simple yet effective way of teaching business literacy to everyone. 3. It serves as a guide to every decision from strategic planning to capital budgeting acquisitions to operating decisions. 4. As the basis for inventive pensation, it truly aligns the interest of managers with that of shareholders and makes management think and act like owners. 5. It is an effective tool for investor munication. 6. It serves as an anchor for an internal system of corporate governance that motivates everyone to work cooperatively and enthusiastically to achieve the best attainable performance. EVA and incentive pensation: The purpose of an incentive pensation plan (bonus plan) is to motivate employees to work harder and smarter so that the organizational performance is maximized. Unfortunately, the incentive pensation plans used by most panies fail to acplish these objectives. These plans induce managers to be more conservative than the shareholders。 2 會計信息轉換成經濟的現(xiàn)實,很容易掌握的非財務經理。 qYpEh5pDx2zVkumamp。 qYpEh5pDx2zVkumamp。 QA9wkxFyeQ^! dj sXuyUP2kNXpRWXm Aamp。qYpEh5pDx2zVkumamp。 gTXRm 6X4NGpP$vSTTamp。 849Gx^Gjqv^$UE9wEwZQcUE%amp。 ksv*3t nGK8!z89Am YWpazadNuKNamp。 ksv*3t nGK8! z89Am YWpazadNuKNamp。 ksv*3t nGK8! z89Am YWpazadNuKNamp。 EVA 財務管理系統(tǒng)的核心是一個獨特的獎金計劃,克服了這些限制,并將管理人員與股東的利 益。 在許多公司,一個陳舊的財務管理制度混淆了搜索的價值。 history[R/OL]. [3] STEWARD G quest for value [M]. New York ; Harper Business,1991. [4] JACKON how and why of EVA at CS First Boston[J]. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance . [5] JACKON how and why of EVA at CS First Boston[J]. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance . [6]韓鑌 , 《 經濟增加值( EVA)的概念,應用和深入分析 》 , 《 國際石油經濟 》 2020 年第 2 期 [7]趙建新 , 《 生產力研究》 ,《 會計與審計 》, 2020 年第 21 期 [8]張紅云 , 《 基于價值創(chuàng)造的企業(yè)業(yè)績評價 》 ,《 財會研究 》 , 2020 年 第 4 期 [9]莊勛 , 《投資理財》 《 關于構建我國企業(yè) EVA 財務管理體系的探析 》 [10]李璐 , 《財經界》 《 淺談經濟利潤的意義及在我國的應用現(xiàn)狀 》 , 2020 年第 6 期 [11]魯曉敏 , 《 基于 EVA 的財務管理體系研究 》 , 2020 .05 [12]莊勛 , 《投資理財》 《 關于構建我國企業(yè) EVA 財務管理體系的探析 》 [13] 郝岸 ,《理論價值驅動型的 EVA綜合計分卡》 , 首都經濟貿易大學碩士論文 , [14]王化成, 《 企業(yè)業(yè)績評價研究回顧及卡普蘭和諾頓的理論貢獻 》 《 平衡計分卡:化戰(zhàn)略為行動 》譯校序”廣東經濟出版社, 第一版 [15]劉茂盛 , 《 基于 EVA 的中小企業(yè)財務管理體系研究 》 , 消費報刊 管理視野 2020 年第 1 期 [16]劉亞 , 《基于 EVA 的企業(yè)財務分析模式初探》 , 《現(xiàn)代商業(yè)》, 2020 年第 3 期 第 19 頁 EVA as basis of integrated Financial Management System EVA – Economic Value Added The financial management system refers to financial measures, policies, methods, and procedures that guide the strategy and operations of a firm. It subsumes such things as setting financial goals, developing long term strategic plans and short term profit plans, making capital investment and disinvestment decisions, measuring operating performance, determining incentive pensation, and municating with investors. Companies often do not do these things in a unified, systematic, and cohesive manner. Corporate financial goals are defined in terms of earnings per share and return on worth。這樣將有利于企業(yè)的統(tǒng)一管理和運作。企業(yè)的價值中心可以劃分為不同的層級,下級的價 第 14 頁 值中心為上級價值中心服務。 EVA 突出強調主營業(yè)務的盈利能力,通過考核EVA 使中小企業(yè)把重心放在核心產業(yè),提高資金的運用效率。對于研發(fā)支出, EVA 計算時可以分年度攤入成本,而非一次性在發(fā)生年度全部計入成本。 EVA 風險控制的優(yōu)越性可表現(xiàn)在 (1)治理結構風險 EVA 可以有效的調和經營者與股東在目標函數(shù)上的矛盾,使兩者的利益達成高度統(tǒng)一。 [11]同時 EVA 能夠實現(xiàn)企業(yè)內在價值與市場價值的統(tǒng)一,在處理股權資本成本以及部分會計相關科目相關數(shù)據的情況下,規(guī)避傳統(tǒng)財務分析方法的主要缺陷,最大程度 反映出市場之于企業(yè)決策實施后公司價值的預期和要求。 ( 1)增加股東價值 企業(yè)籌資決策的目的就是通過充足的資金給企業(yè)做后盾 ,以規(guī)模效應獲取的成本領先優(yōu)勢,從而增加股東的價值。 企業(yè)要在競爭中生存下去,管理者們就必須不斷捕捉新的經濟增長點,適時調整投資方向,把企業(yè)有限的資金投向能為自己帶來豐厚回報的優(yōu)勢產業(yè)或產品。例如,可口可樂公司是較早應用 EVA 的公司,在引入 EVA 概念后,公司的治理,重組和擴張都遵循 EVA 的原則,在此基礎上,可口可樂公司的股價在 15 年內增加了 20 倍。孫錚( 2020)的《經濟附加值:盛譽下的思索》,從價值入手,通過對價值和價值創(chuàng)造的分析與評述,闡明了經濟增加值和企業(yè)價值的