【正文】
國(guó)學(xué)者 Stern 提出,在 20 世紀(jì)90 年代發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種評(píng)價(jià)公司經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的新的綜合評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。究竟以哪個(gè)指標(biāo)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)企業(yè),才能恰當(dāng)?shù)捏w現(xiàn)這一原則并驅(qū)動(dòng)企業(yè)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值?自 1983 年第一波士頓的分析師提出這個(gè)問(wèn)題以來(lái) [5],對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的爭(zhēng)論超過(guò)十年,研究人員提出過(guò)多種指標(biāo)和概念,包括 EPS(每股收益), ROE(凈資產(chǎn)收益率), FCF(自由現(xiàn)金流)等。以 EVA 為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可以有效的 防止企業(yè)不實(shí)報(bào)告利潤(rùn)和虛增賬面值的不良行為,進(jìn)而更好獲得投資長(zhǎng)期回報(bào)。 EVA 的股利分配決策 股利政策是企業(yè)總體決策的一部分,在西方股利政策則存在兩大流派,股利相關(guān)和股利無(wú)關(guān)論。 以 EVA 設(shè)立的激勵(lì)計(jì)劃,在薪酬激勵(lì)方面,應(yīng)盡可能像普 通員工滲透,使員工更愿意在工作中尋找人生意義,并獲取應(yīng)有的承認(rèn)、尊重和成就感。二是以 EVA 為基礎(chǔ)的獎(jiǎng)金方案設(shè)置“獎(jiǎng)金庫(kù)”更好便及時(shí)給予員工獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。這些調(diào)整使 EVA 能夠更加真實(shí),完整的評(píng)價(jià)企業(yè)業(yè)績(jī),有利于企業(yè)的價(jià)值創(chuàng)造。我們應(yīng)合理將 EVA 細(xì)分得到 EVA 指標(biāo)的最終驅(qū)動(dòng)因素,并建立簡(jiǎn)約量化的指標(biāo)體系,以提高 EVA 為最終目標(biāo)。像傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)一樣,并規(guī)定詳細(xì)的 報(bào)告時(shí)間及溝通渠道,形成一個(gè)獨(dú)有的信息傳遞渠道。 ( 2) EVA 指標(biāo)可能存在主觀隨意性。 and investor munication is primarily in terms of earnings per share and divided policy. It appears that a typical financial management system is hardly a system. Rather it’s a hodgepodge of rules, guidelines, and procedures that employs an array of frequently contradictory measures and objectives, that fosters confusion and conflict within an organization that focuses on performance variables that bear little ration to the value of a business and often leads smart managers to do dumb things. In many panies an obsolete financial management system confounds the search for value. These deficiencies call for an entirely different approach financial management and the EVA financial management system seems to be the answer. The EVA financial management system is based on the premise that EVA provides a single, unified, and accurate measure of performance. It thinks well forward looking 第 20 頁(yè) valuation and capital budgeting analysis with actual performance measurement. For these reasons and more EVA may be used for goal setting and business planning, performance evaluation, bonus determination, investor munication, capital budgeting ands valuation. EVA is an excellent bed rock on which an integrated financial management system can be constructed as it has the following features or characteristics: 1. It is a performance measure that ties directly, theoretically as well as empirically, to shareholders wealth creation. 2. It converts accounting information into economic reality that is readily grasped by nonfinancial managers. It is a simple yet effective way of teaching business literacy to everyone. 3. It serves as a guide to every decision from strategic planning to capital budgeting acquisitions to operating decisions. 4. As the basis for inventive pensation, it truly aligns the interest of managers with that of shareholders and makes management think and act like owners. 5. It is an effective tool for investor munication. 6. It serves as an anchor for an internal system of corporate governance that motivates everyone to work cooperatively and enthusiastically to achieve the best attainable performance. EVA and incentive pensation: The purpose of an incentive pensation plan (bonus plan) is to motivate employees to work harder and smarter so that the organizational performance is maximized. Unfortunately, the incentive pensation plans used by most panies fail to acplish these objectives. These plans induce managers to be more conservative than the shareholders。 2 會(huì)計(jì)信息轉(zhuǎn)換成經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)實(shí),很容易掌握的非財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理。 qYpEh5pDx2zVkumamp。 qYpEh5pDx2zVkumamp。 QA9wkxFyeQ^! dj sXuyUP2kNXpRWXm Aamp。qYpEh5pDx2zVkumamp。 gTXRm 6X4NGpP$vSTTamp。 849Gx^Gjqv^$UE9wEwZQcUE%amp。 ksv*3t nGK8!z89Am YWpazadNuKNamp。 ksv*3t nGK8! z89Am YWpazadNuKNamp。 ksv*3t nGK8! z89Am YWpazadNuKNamp。 EVA 財(cái)務(wù)管理系統(tǒng)的核心是一個(gè)獨(dú)特的獎(jiǎng)金計(jì)劃,克服了這些限制,并將管理人員與股東的利 益。 在許多公司,一個(gè)陳舊的財(cái)務(wù)管理制度混淆了搜索的價(jià)值。 history[R/OL]. [3] STEWARD G quest for value [M]. New York ; Harper Business,1991. [4] JACKON how and why of EVA at CS First Boston[J]. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance . [5] JACKON how and why of EVA at CS First Boston[J]. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance . [6]韓鑌 , 《 經(jīng)濟(jì)增加值( EVA)的概念,應(yīng)用和深入分析 》 , 《 國(guó)際石油經(jīng)濟(jì) 》 2020 年第 2 期 [7]趙建新 , 《 生產(chǎn)力研究》 ,《 會(huì)計(jì)與審計(jì) 》, 2020 年第 21 期 [8]張紅云 , 《 基于價(jià)值創(chuàng)造的企業(yè)業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià) 》 ,《 財(cái)會(huì)研究 》 , 2020 年 第 4 期 [9]莊勛 , 《投資理財(cái)》 《 關(guān)于構(gòu)建我國(guó)企業(yè) EVA 財(cái)務(wù)管理體系的探析 》 [10]李璐 , 《財(cái)經(jīng)界》 《 淺談經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)的意義及在我國(guó)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 》 , 2020 年第 6 期 [11]魯曉敏 , 《 基于 EVA 的財(cái)務(wù)管理體系研究 》 , 2020 .05 [12]莊勛 , 《投資理財(cái)》 《 關(guān)于構(gòu)建我國(guó)企業(yè) EVA 財(cái)務(wù)管理體系的探析 》 [13] 郝岸 ,《理論價(jià)值驅(qū)動(dòng)型的 EVA綜合計(jì)分卡》 , 首都經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)碩士論文 , [14]王化成, 《 企業(yè)業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià)研究回顧及卡普蘭和諾頓的理論貢獻(xiàn) 》 《 平衡計(jì)分卡:化戰(zhàn)略為行動(dòng) 》譯校序”廣東經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社, 第一版 [15]劉茂盛 , 《 基于 EVA 的中小企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理體系研究 》 , 消費(fèi)報(bào)刊 管理視野 2020 年第 1 期 [16]劉亞 , 《基于 EVA 的企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)分析模式初探》 , 《現(xiàn)代商業(yè)》, 2020 年第 3 期 第 19 頁(yè) EVA as basis of integrated Financial Management System EVA – Economic Value Added The financial management system refers to financial measures, policies, methods, and procedures that guide the strategy and operations of a firm. It subsumes such things as setting financial goals, developing long term strategic plans and short term profit plans, making capital investment and disinvestment decisions, measuring operating performance, determining incentive pensation, and municating with investors. Companies often do not do these things in a unified, systematic, and cohesive manner. Corporate financial goals are defined in terms of earnings per share and return on worth。這樣將有利于企業(yè)的統(tǒng)一管理和運(yùn)作。企業(yè)的價(jià)值中心可以劃分為不同的層級(jí),下級(jí)的價(jià) 第 14 頁(yè) 值中心為上級(jí)價(jià)值中心服務(wù)。 EVA 突出強(qiáng)調(diào)主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)的盈利能力,通過(guò)考核EVA 使中小企業(yè)把重心放在核心產(chǎn)業(yè),提高資金的運(yùn)用效率。對(duì)于研發(fā)支出, EVA 計(jì)算時(shí)可以分年度攤?cè)氤杀?,而非一次性在發(fā)生年度全部計(jì)入成本。 EVA 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制的優(yōu)越性可表現(xiàn)在 (1)治理結(jié)構(gòu)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) EVA 可以有效的調(diào)和經(jīng)營(yíng)者與股東在目標(biāo)函數(shù)上的矛盾,使兩者的利益達(dá)成高度統(tǒng)一。 [11]同時(shí) EVA 能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)企業(yè)內(nèi)在價(jià)值與市場(chǎng)價(jià)值的統(tǒng)一,在處理股權(quán)資本成本以及部分會(huì)計(jì)相關(guān)科目相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)的情況下,規(guī)避傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)分析方法的主要缺陷,最大程度 反映出市場(chǎng)之于企業(yè)決策實(shí)施后公司價(jià)值的預(yù)期和要求。 ( 1)增加股東價(jià)值 企業(yè)籌資決策的目的就是通過(guò)充足的資金給企業(yè)做后盾 ,以規(guī)模效應(yīng)獲取的成本領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢(shì),從而增加股東的價(jià)值。 企業(yè)要在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中生存下去,管理者們就必須不斷捕捉新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)點(diǎn),適時(shí)調(diào)整投資方向,把企業(yè)有限的資金投向能為自己帶來(lái)豐厚回報(bào)的優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)或產(chǎn)品。例如,可口可樂(lè)公司是較早應(yīng)用 EVA 的公司,在引入 EVA 概念后,公司的治理,重組和擴(kuò)張都遵循 EVA 的原則,在此基礎(chǔ)上,可口可樂(lè)公司的股價(jià)在 15 年內(nèi)增加了 20 倍。孫錚( 2020)的《經(jīng)濟(jì)附加值:盛譽(yù)下的思索》,從價(jià)值入手,通過(guò)對(duì)價(jià)值和價(jià)值創(chuàng)造的分析與評(píng)述,闡明了經(jīng)濟(jì)增加值和企業(yè)價(jià)值的