【正文】 miling face.E –ed formsHe only drinks imported wine.F infinitives: now it must be placed after the noun.Do you have a friend to talk to.G prepositional phrases: it is placed after the noun it modifiers.I can’t stand that silly ad for dog food, can you?Relative ClausesWhy use relative clause: to make the nouns either more exact or more vivid。 we can direct readers’ attention to the main clauseMy son liked the toy car very much which I bought for his birthday.The toy car was liked by my son very much which I bought for my son.Writing correct relative clausesRULE1 where the antecedent refers to a thingFor example A+ that\which +clause\RULE2 where the antecedent refers to a personFor example A+ that\who +clause\RULE3 where the antecedent is used as possessive in the clauseFor example A +whose +clauseRULE4 where the antecedent refers to a timeFor example A+ when + clause RULE5 where the antecedent refers to a placeFor example A+ where\ (in\at+ which) + clauseRULE6 where the antecedent refers to a causeFor example A+ why + clauseRULE7 where the antecedent refers to a mannerFor example A+ in which + clauseRULE8 where the antecedent refers to the main clause as a whole Foe example preceding sentence+ which +clauseRule 9 where the relative clause has no relative word If the relative is used as object, it can be omitted.Rule 10 where the relative begins with a preposition For example antecedent+ prep+ which+ clauseRule 11 where the antecedent and the relative clause are separated by a maFor example: a nonrestrictive clause (The boy, who have played truant to watch the football match, will have to copy the text.)GrammarInplete SentenceA Phrase fragment: inexperienced writers may write a phrase as if it were a sentence because they borrow the phrase directly from the spoken language.I’ll meet you in the library. At four in the afternoon.. ( I’ll meet you in the library at four in the afternoon.)B fragment without a subject She stood by the window. And looked at the street below. ( She stood by the window and looked at the street below.)C fragment without a auxiliary verb: fragments often contain verblike particles or infinitives which cause the writer to think a verb has been include.D fragment of dependent clauses: when a dependent clause are fairl long, a writer might mispuctuate it as a sentence.Word OrderDeterminers: 名詞前的限定詞順序為前位中位后位，同時一個名詞中心詞前不能同時用兩個中位限定詞或兩個前位限定詞。Quotation1 the period and the ma always e inside the quotation marks.2 the semicolon and the colon always e outside the quotation marks.3use it to enclose the titles of essays, articles, short stores, short poems, chapters… 。Unit 6 Expanded Sentence BaseFocusParticipleGetting to know participle: there are two kinds of participle, one ending with –ing, and the other ending with –ed which forms to use depends on the relationship between the verb and the noun described.1The trembling old man stood by the broken window.2Frightened by a strange noise downstairs he went down slowly ,holding his gun in his handComplex participle phrase A present participle in different modes and aspectsB Participle with conjunctionTime: we use while when to emphasize that the participle action and the predicate action take place at the same place. We also use words like before ,after to show the sequence of the two actionWhile chasing the cat, the dog hurt its feet.Concession: we use words like though ,although ,even if , etc. to show concession.She doesn’t plan to go to the party, even though invited.Condition: we use if when or unless before a participle to indicate that this is just a condition , instead of a fact.When hearted, this material will give off a very bad smell.Getting to know participle’s functionA creating concise sentenceB producing more detailed sentence1The old man held the receiver in his hand, shocked at what he was told, not uttering a single word.2Shocked at what he