【正文】 down or describe nouns are called attributes.What can be used as attribute?A Determiners: refers to words that are used to define the referential meaning of a noun or a nominal phrase.It included articles, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, and cardinal and ordinal numerals.B adjectives are the most mon attributes.For example: hairy animals, a red roseC nouns: most of them indicate the feature of the noun modified. For example: Her boy friend is a fashion designer.Ding forms : to describe the function ,feature ,or to indicate the present state of the noun.We all like her smiling face.E –ed formsHe only drinks imported wine.F infinitives: now it must be placed after the noun.Do you have a friend to talk to.G prepositional phrases: it is placed after the noun it modifiers.I can’t stand that silly ad for dog food, can you?Relative ClausesWhy use relative clause: to make the nouns either more exact or more vivid。 simple, pound, plex, poundplex3By varying the emphasis The first strategy for emphasisNatural emphasis position in English sentence 1 The end of a sentence is the most emphasis position。 moreover, it brought him money.Colon1 uses a colon to introduce an explanation, a summary, an appositive, or a list of things.2 it is used after a plete statement when introducing a list.常用錯(cuò)誤，在英語中例如一類的詞后常用逗號(hào)代替冒號(hào)。), the colon (:), the question marks (?), the dash (), quotation marks (“”), the exclamation mark (!), parentheses (()), the slash(\), italics underling(_)Period: 1 use a period to show the end of sentence. 2 use a period after certain abbreviations.Comma: 1 Join short and closely related parallel sentence 2 in a pound sentence before the conjunction or connective 3 after an adverbials clause or phrase before the subject of the sentence 4nonerestrictive clauses and phrase are set off by mas 5 mas set off parenthetical elements 6 use a ma with quotation marks to show what someone has said directly 7 in the date, in the order Semicolons1 use a semicolon between independent clause not joined by coordinating conjunctionHis mother won’t let him。 b slowly the sentence down, so the reader will pun date over the ideas. C interrupted coordination: the phrase inserted adds more information to the original sentence. B Making the sentence pasterns more varied.Joining Sentence Together Unit 8 FocusSubordination The clause that can be used independently is called independent clause 。2When the subject expresses quantity(1)有many a等限定詞，其后動(dòng)詞形式為單數(shù)(2)a pair, heap of 后動(dòng)詞多接單數(shù)形式3when the subject is a relative pronoun, a whatclause, or in the therebe structure(1)以nominal clause 作主語，隨后動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)(2)relative clause 中謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式通常以關(guān)系代詞先行項(xiàng)的形式而定(3)there be 謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于所后的Unit2 The Appropriate WordFocusStyle: in English, words can be, roughly, formal , general, colloquial, and slang in terms of style. Formal and generalFormal words are not as mon as general words, which form the basis of the vocabulary and are used for everyday munication.formalgeneralfracturebreaklucidclearterminateendcorpulentfatfacilitateMake easyverifyproveconcuragreeNotice: a mon belief among students is that formality is a virtue, but the best policy is to use general words in most cases and formal words in specific, formal contexts .Colloquial and slangWell, now, you know, I’d like to say, oh, may god, I think….which can be used in colloquial, and contraction and abbreviation also can be used. But in some formal constitution we’d better not use it. Notice : the colloquial style takes a less prominent role, therefore, for most writing tasks, it may not be ideal. Too much slang can make a passage loose and unserious。 some may even sound odd.Style and audienceThe formal style is characterized by extensive vocabulary, frequent use of formal and abstract words, absence of slang and almost no contraction or clipped words.The inform