【正文】
( 3) 常壓塔頂操作壓力 — 巴 之間;通過冷凝器或換熱器殼程壓降一般約為 巴 ;加熱爐出口到精餾塔汽化段的壓力降通常為 巴。 由加熱爐出口經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)油線到精餾塔汽化段的壓力降通常為 巴,因遼寧石油化工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )用紙 37 此,由汽化段的壓力即可推出爐出口壓力 操作溫度的確定 確定精餾塔的各部位的操作壓力后,就可以求出各點的操作溫度。反應(yīng)如下: MsC12+NaOHrMg(OH)2+2NaCI CaC12+NaOH— Ca(OH)2+2NaC1 . 原油注堿的控制主要以塔頂排水的氯離子濃度作為添加注堿量的依據(jù)。石油中的硫化物、硫化氫、硫醇、元素硫等為活性硫,多發(fā)生低溫位腐蝕;硫醚、二硫和多硫化物等為中性硫化物,在高溫下,轉(zhuǎn)化生成硫化氫和硫醇對金屬造成腐蝕 [19]。一 般汽相部位腐蝕輕微,液卡丌部位幬蝕嚴重,特別是在汽液相轉(zhuǎn)變部位 ,即露點鄙位最為嚴重。管內(nèi)介質(zhì)流速越大,腐蝕越嚴重。 C~ 550℃設(shè)計的。總拔提高或者減壓深拔后,減渣的 S、 N、 0元素及微量金屬元素的含量將會升高。常一線和常二線在汽提操作時盡量卡邊操作,可以避免閃點的過?,F(xiàn)象,這樣可以節(jié)省汽提蒸汽用量,進而減少常頂空冷的負荷。提高常減壓裝置總拔不是常減壓蒸餾裝置個體裝置的任務(wù),需要后續(xù)所有裝置的協(xié)調(diào)配合,共同進行工藝參數(shù)的優(yōu)化和修訂,通力配合才能應(yīng)對原油重質(zhì)化的不利趨勢,并實現(xiàn)煉廠效益最大化 [16]。 常壓塔回收柴油通常很困難,因為分餾部分的液體 /油汽 (L/ V)摩爾比通常不到 ,而在減壓塔中是 ~ 。 加熱爐的能耗問題是煉油廠非常關(guān)鍵的問題,將 需要加熱的低溫介質(zhì)脫后原油引入對流室末端,將增加對流室吸收熱量,對提高管式爐,減少燃料消耗具有重要的意義,提高加熱爐的熱效率已成為煉油企業(yè)節(jié)能降耗、降低煉油成本、 提高經(jīng)濟效益的重要環(huán)節(jié),在煉油行業(yè)中,原油的常減壓蒸餾是最主要的分離過程,其能耗在整個煉油工藝過程中除催化裂化外是最大的茂名分公司 3 常減壓蒸餾裝置采用換熱網(wǎng)絡(luò)的優(yōu)化運行,能耗明顯降。 常減壓蒸餾的節(jié)能改造用以降低能耗 在煉油企業(yè)中,常減壓蒸餾是重要的原油一次加工裝置,它的加工能力是煉油企業(yè)加工能力的重要標志,一次加工能力的高低亦是煉油企業(yè)綜合技術(shù)實力的具體體現(xiàn)。但總體技術(shù)水平與國外水平相比,在處理能力、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和拔出率方面存在較大的差距。主要目的就是加熱原料,回收熱量和冷卻產(chǎn)品 [5]。根據(jù)生產(chǎn)需要,設(shè)置常壓加熱爐和減壓加熱爐 。 設(shè)計管式加熱爐中的輻射室和對流室的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸 并 確定管程數(shù)。 對常壓塔的關(guān)鍵塔板進行氣夜相負荷 計算,對其常壓塔的加熱爐和泵進行熱效率的計算 關(guān)鍵詞 : 初餾塔,常壓塔 , 加熱爐 , 設(shè)計遼寧石油化工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )用紙 2 Abstract This design mainly has pleted the year handling ability is 8Mt/a Jinxi crude oil Atmospheric and the primary distillation tower Vacuum Distillation Unit design calculation, Atmospheric distillation tower design and thermal efficiency of heating furnace, the thermalpump design. The Atmospheric Distillation Unit design mainly, calculate the various product natural data, definite the crude oil cutting plan and putate the rate of product receives according to the crude oil solid boiling point distillation data and the product Engler distillation data which the basis gives. Refers to the similar equipment definite column tray number, the position of feeding and the side line extractst suppose the operating temperature and the service pressure of the each main part, carries on the putation of heat balance to the entire tower, determined the entire tower hot of the backflow. This design tower goes against uses the level condensation cooling backflow, in the tower uses a centersection circulating reflux, the top of the tower goes against takes the heat: The centersection backflow takes hotly is50%:50%, The temperature of tower top is 122℃ . The temperature of Kerosene out board is 223℃ . The temperature of diesel oil out board is 305℃ . And raw material temperature is 357℃ , bottom of the tower temperature is 350℃ .Top pressure is . 遼寧石油化工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )用紙 3 Material pressure is . , finally examines each main spot operation all permission. The column tray pattern selects the F1 gram heavy valve float valve column tray, according to the greatest vapor phase load place of the Atmospheric Distillation tower is , it is considered that the tower diameter is , the mon column tray spacing is , finally it is considered that the tower high is . Carries on the calculation to the column tray hydromechanical performance, the tower serviceability is good. The Atmospheric Distillation Unit design mainly desided the sideline number and the rate of received to the sidelines according to the crude oil solid boiling point distillation data and the similar equipment data. In pipe heater, the constitution and measure of the radiation section and convection chamber are designed , and the type of pipe and the number of tube pass are determined, then the smoke stack of pipe heater is also need to be designed, the atmospheric tower and pump heating furnace thermal efficiency calculation. Key word: the primary distillation tower, the atmospheric distillation tower , column tray ,heating furnace , design遼寧石油化工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )用紙 4 目 錄 1 文獻綜述 .................................................................................................................... 9 常減壓裝置介紹 ................................................. 10 常減壓蒸餾 ................................................... 10 加熱爐 ....................................................... 10 換熱設(shè)備 ..................................................... 11 常壓蒸餾在石油化工中的意義及現(xiàn)狀 ............................... 11 我國蒸餾裝置存在的問題 ....................................... 14 常減壓蒸餾的節(jié)能改造用以降低能耗 ............................... 16 常減壓裝置主要能耗 ........................................... 16 余熱回收 ..................................................... 17 提高常減壓裝置產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)率 ....................................... 18 提高輕質(zhì)油收率 ............................................... 18 火用分析方法在煉油廠常減壓蒸餾裝置能耗評價中的應(yīng)用 ............. 18 提高柴油和瓦斯油的收率 ......................................... 19 常減壓蒸餾裝置總拔影響因素分析及改進措施 ....................... 20 ................................. 20 ..................................................... 22 遼寧石油化工大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )用紙 5 裝置的腐蝕原因和防腐措施 ....................................... 23 原油中的硫分布規(guī)律及危害性 ................................... 24 高溫硫腐蝕 ................................................... 27 硫酸露點腐蝕 ................................................. 28 裝置的防腐措施 ................................................. 28 針對腐蝕問題可采取以下措施 ................................... 29 減少常減壓裝置腐蝕方法 ....................................... 29 ......................................................................................................... 33 設(shè)計內(nèi)容的說明 ................................................. 36 常壓塔設(shè)計的參數(shù)確定 ........................................... 36 常壓塔設(shè)計中的一些經(jīng)驗數(shù)據(jù) ..................................... 38 塔板設(shè)計中的一些經(jīng)驗數(shù)據(jù) ....................................... 39 常壓 爐設(shè)計中的一些經(jīng)驗數(shù)據(jù) .................................... 40 3 初餾塔計算部分 ...................................................................................................... 42 工藝計算 ....