【正文】
實施外匯管制的國家,因政府能有效地控制進(jìn)口,故儲備可以少一些,但是底線在 20%。 調(diào)整外匯儲備幣種結(jié)構(gòu)保持儲備多樣化 由于我國外匯儲備 60%~ 70%是美元資產(chǎn),而近幾年美元對世界各主要貨幣持續(xù)貶值,已使我國外匯儲備嚴(yán)重縮水。新《條例》取消了企業(yè)經(jīng)常項目外匯收入強(qiáng)制結(jié)匯的要求,從而有助于減輕國家外匯儲備的壓力。外匯占款是中央銀行持有外匯儲備所對應(yīng)的貨幣投放。中國外匯儲備越多,則暴露在匯率風(fēng)險面前的潛在損失越高,外匯風(fēng)險越大。而可供進(jìn)行回購操作的工具有限,并且有很多現(xiàn)實局限性。這一點在 1997 年亞洲金融危機(jī)時期得到了充分體現(xiàn) 。另外.我國存在著長期經(jīng)濟(jì)增長前景也是吸引國際游資進(jìn)入的原因之一。這些投機(jī)資本不僅可以享受貨幣升值的收益,還可以分享資產(chǎn)價格上升帶來的收益。 1994 年以來,我國國際收支持續(xù)順差,因國內(nèi)企業(yè) “蓄水池 ”功能的基本缺位,大量的外匯流入中央銀行,導(dǎo)致外匯儲備大幅增加。從 20xx 年開始,這一項發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn),由負(fù)變正。自 1994 年開始,我國進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易一直保持順差。 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)德強(qiáng)商務(wù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計) 4 中 國外匯儲備以美元為主要儲備資產(chǎn),占全部儲備資產(chǎn)的 70%,還包括美國國債。 20xx 年 12 月 11 日加入 WTO, 中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的強(qiáng)勁增 長迅速推動了儲備的飆升 。夏斌等人研究認(rèn)為,外匯占款不一定會影響國內(nèi)通貨膨脹,近年來的貨幣供 給量變動與國內(nèi)通貨膨脹變化并不一致。 關(guān)鍵詞 : 外匯儲備; 匯率風(fēng)險 ; 效應(yīng)分析;防范措施 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)德強(qiáng)商務(wù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計) II The study of Foreign Exchange Reserves about risks and prevention Abstract Foreign exchange reserves are important areas of international financial problem. For any country in the modern world, foreign exchange reserves are essential and vital economic resources. Especially under the current background of economic integration, foreign exchange reserve acts more and more important role in protecting one country’s economic and financial security. Also, it makes greats impact on economy of a country by releasing large scales of base currency, and it has been receiving close concerns of government of various countries. Due to its main functions of maintaining the ability of international payment, intervening the foreign exchange market and dealing with the unexpected emergency, one country has to hold a certain amount of foreign exchange reserve, but meanwhile holding the foreign exchange reserve has many risks to some extent. Based on these research results, this essay chooses the angle of risk, in order to do a research on the risk prevention of the foreign exchange reserve. The general frame is that bining the particular situation of China, it firstly analyses the origins and risks of China’s foreign exchange reserve and finally gets the conclusion that improving the structure, expanding domestic demand and increasing imports is a better way of preventing and reducing the risks. Key words: Exchange rate risk; Foreign exchange reserves; Effects Analysis; Suggestions哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)德強(qiáng)商務(wù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計) I 目 錄 摘 要 .....................................................................................................................................I Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... II 1 緒 論 .............................................................................................................................. 1 研究背景 ................................................................................................................... 1 研究的目的及意義 ................................................................................................... 1 研究目 的 ........................................................................................................ 1 研究意義 ........................................................................................................ 1 國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 ....................................................................................................... 1 國內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀 ................................................................................................ 1 國外研究現(xiàn)狀 ................................................................................................ 2 2 我國外匯儲備概況 .............................................................................................................. 3 我國外匯儲備快速增長的歷程 ............................................................................... 3 我國現(xiàn)在的外匯情況 ............................................................................................... 3 3 我國外匯儲備過高的主要原因分析 .................................................................................. 5 我國對外貿(mào)易的快速發(fā)展 ....................................................................................... 5 資本項目順差的快速增長與預(yù)期的作用 ............................................................... 5 我國的外貿(mào)政策的導(dǎo)向效應(yīng) ................................................................................... 6 現(xiàn)行的外匯體制是外匯儲備高速增長的制度基礎(chǔ) ............................................... 6 境外熱線 的不斷流入 ............................................................................................... 7 吸引外商直接投資對新增外匯儲備的貢獻(xiàn)率不斷上升 ....................................... 7 人民幣升值預(yù)期導(dǎo)致大量國際短期資本進(jìn)入 ....................................................... 7 4 外匯儲備快速增長的效應(yīng)分析 .......................................................................................... 9 外匯儲備增長的正面效應(yīng)分析 ............................................................................... 9 充足的外匯儲備有力地促進(jìn)了國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展 ............................................ 9 外匯儲備是提高我國國際資信的重要推動力 ............................................ 9 外匯儲備是實現(xiàn)人民幣可自由兌換的重要工具 ........................................ 9 外匯儲備是維護(hù) 本國金融安全的重要屏障 ................................................ 9 外匯儲備過高的負(fù)面效應(yīng)分析 ............................................................................. 10 過多的外匯儲備增加了持有成本 .............................................................. 10 我國貨幣供應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變加大了通貨膨脹壓力 ...................................... 10 外匯儲備的匯率風(fēng)險 .................................................................................. 10 不利于實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長向內(nèi)需主導(dǎo)型模式的轉(zhuǎn)變 ...................................... 11 哈爾濱商業(yè)大學(xué)德強(qiáng)商務(wù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計) II 加大了人民幣升值的壓力 .......................................................................... 11 高漲的外匯儲備影響了貨幣政策的自主性 .............................................. 12 5 應(yīng)對外匯儲備快速增長負(fù)面效應(yīng)的對策 .......................................................................... 13 調(diào)節(jié)貿(mào)易順差以減輕外匯儲備大幅增長的壓力 ................................................. 13