【正文】 ent managerial and statutory problems with regard to local landuse planning and regulation preclude more effective use of to the need for attracting investment in agriculture, the Russian Ministry of Science and Education provided funds for our research project that involves primary data collection and econometric analysis of the interdependencies between governmental policies and farmland unique dataset contains socioeconomic, demographic and spatial geographic 2010 data for 39 municipal districts in the Moscow metropolitan econometric analysis of this data set is used to explore the relationship among farmland quantity, its assessed value, the share of privatized farmland, farmland tax,and landuse zoning in the simultaneous equations the Russian market for real estate has developed quickly, the market for agricultural land is still deals are limited, partly because of the lingering uncertainty about farmland property stateowned farmland is still Moscow regional data suggest a strong positive relationship between the fraction of privatized farmland and farmland acreage, although the fraction of individually and collectively privatized farmland is only 57 %.The direct sale of farmland to foreigners is prohibited decreasing potential foreign investment as a result, the area occupied by agricultural lands has been steadily decreasing and deteriorating in the period 1990 to 2005, tillable lands in Russia have shrunk by million hectares( % of tillable lands).Lacking experience and adequate knowledge, local governments are stuck with the land conservation policies available to the former particular, in an attempt to contain the loss of prime farmland, the regulators retain old landuse zoning laws prohibiting the change of land , strong development pressures and widespread corruption often annihilate the desirable effect of results of our econometric analysis indicate that the proximity to Moscow city and population growth both have a significant negative effect on the amount of farmland, even in the strictlyzonedfor agriculture districts, suggesting strong urban pressure in the capital region of estimated elasticity of farmland acreage with respect to population growth is ? corrupt practice of illegal changes in land status is reflected in the fact that the lands still classified as farmland in the Federal Register of Land are turned into residential or industrial signals a management problem which could be perhaps resolved by the introduction of more flexible zoning and an increase in the range of responsibilities of local governments and their property rights to other economic instrument indispensable in land policy, land assessment, is also based on the former practices of the Communist period following a federally mandated general formula that takes into account soil productivity criteria, topographic features of the landscape, and the presence of irrigation, but still has little in mon with the market price of the agricultural land tax is calculated as the percentage of the assessed value of farmland, which is often below its real market value, local authorities are not interested in developing local agricultural infrastructure or increasing agricultural land base because they will not be able to reap any significant tax benefits from with the low federally mandated upper limits on tax rates( % of the assessed value of agricultural and residential lands)this leads to insufficient local tax revenues and overreliance on intergovernmental to our data for the Moscow region, although localities tend to impose the maximum allowable tax rate, the average share of land tax revenues in local budgets is a mere 5 %.It is not surprising as the average assessed value of farmland across municipalities is 1000 times less than the ongoing average sales price, according to data we insignificant local land tax revenues caused by the underestimated land value lead to insufficient local infrastructure investment, which further suppresses the value of farmland and hastens its results of the econometric analysis indicate lack of statistical significance between the assessed value of farmland and farmland quantity in the Moscow region, making the farmland tax rate an ineffective instrument in land missing link between the farmland quantity and existing land policies may render these policies not just ineffective but even approaches such as the retention of development rights by the government might represent a temporary increasing reliance on local governance in solvinglocal problems would imply improved landuse and public finance planning and,perhaps, a slower farmland conversion Ekaterina Gnedenko1 amp。我們的結論是，土地監(jiān)管滯后于俄羅斯轉型經(jīng)濟的新市場趨勢。國有農(nóng)田仍然很重要。我們的計量分析結果表明，靠近莫斯科城市和人口增長對農(nóng)田的數(shù)量有顯著的負面影響，即使是在嚴格的農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)，這表明莫斯科的首都地區(qū)的城市壓力很大。據(jù)我們收集的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，由于各城市的農(nóng)田平均分攤價值比目前的平均銷售價格低1000倍，這并不令人驚訝。描述。這種類型的研究最終會對交通理念有個完善的認識。尤其是車車相撞發(fā)生的車禍，這是在荷蘭城市道路交叉口錄制的視頻，一輛從岔路駛來的汽車與主干路的汽車相撞，下列問題可以問：為什么汽車來自次干路上，突然加速后又幾乎停止，撞上了在左側主路的一輛汽車呢？為什么沒有注意到正在駛來的車？是不是因為兩車從右邊駛來，司機因為前面的交叉為他們提供了可能性而斤斤計較？難道他向左看過，但他認為停在拐角處的綠色貨車能讓他停下來？當然，交通狀況并不復雜。這些行為主要是與交通系統(tǒng)的安全管理有關，有些則是相關的研究活動。因此，每次事故看做一個個體，之間相互協(xié)調(diào)就會達成安全的結果。因此，我們將首先描述了事故的這些方面。第二個假設乍一看似乎不太容易理解。如果條件是相同的（同一時間，交通情況相同，同樣的天氣條件等），那么由此產(chǎn)生的意外數(shù)字是相同的泊松過程的結果。這種差異可以指導改進的過程。然后，泊松分布近似為正態(tài)分布，均值和方差等于泊松參數(shù)。最有名的是斯米德在1949年進行的分析。比以前的情況是，這對許多相互關聯(lián)的（子）表和相應的智廣場卡方檢驗是由大量分析，取而代之的是一個一卡方的確切劃分。這一級沒有說明事故原因分析。調(diào)查一宗交通意外，他將努力重建了間接來源的事件，如涉及的道路使用者，所提供的資料或目擊者有關情況，車輛，道路和司機的特點。由于發(fā)生事故，也對這樣的速度和車輛質(zhì)量的因素，大量的不同，碰撞角度，對道路使用者和他們的脆弱性，影響等位置的保護，傷害是嚴重或或多或少物質(zhì)損失是多還是少可觀。purposes。Limitations。這個概念框架是對風險的關于個別道路使用者，以及上級的決定控制器的決定制定的一般基礎。但是，第二個困難是，該研究的對象不能被誘發(fā)。所需的基本信息包括事故數(shù)字，來形容不安全總額，暴露的數(shù)據(jù)來計算風險，并找到一個高風險的情況下或（團體）道路使用者。例如，在卡方分割使人們有可能以測試有關行參數(shù)的線性或二次限制或趨勢的不連續(xù)性。該測試應用推廣到高階分類。沒有任何更多的必要計算，但測試統(tǒng)計，需要利用表繪制。為這樣一個測試應用程序的必要條件是，那意外的數(shù)字進行比較是大到足以證明存在的分歧。概率理論能夠考慮到這兩個觀察值的平均，用于計算的平等假設的可能性。然而，假設需要很長一段時間并且沒有緩繳期。兩個簡單的假設通常是來描述交通事故的形成過程：事故發(fā)生的概率與以往發(fā)生的事故之間是獨立；事故發(fā)生在時間上是同性質(zhì)的如果這兩個假設成立，那么事故是泊松分布。希望從中得到關于每次事故的詳細信息并能發(fā)現(xiàn)其發(fā)生的原因和有關的條件。雖然這個周期可以由同一人或一群人做出來，而問題在每個階段（政治/管理或科學）都有不同的背景。如果停著的綠色車能夠在五分鐘內(nèi)消失，這兩輛車可能就不會相撞。由這