【正文】
下的農民工,是介于第一代與第二代之間的過渡性的農村流動人口。王桂新、沈建 法(2008)以上海為例,從微觀角度考察中國 城市化過程中農民工的市民化特征,認為目前 中國城市農民工總體上已達到54%的市民化水平,尤其是其社會關系、心理認同等非物質維 度的市民化都已達到接近60%的較高水平。許傳新(2007)對農民工進行分層研究認為,新生代農 民工城市工作適應、人際適應等都處于中等水平,而生活處于較低水平。孫秀娟(2007)認 為中國農民工向上流動的空間長期處于壓縮狀 態(tài),有社會結構,也有政策和制度的原因,應 該從政府營造公平開放的流動環(huán)境,建立開放 的勞動力市場以及全體社會成員轉變心態(tài)和觀 念等入手,使農民工獲得向上流動的空間。他們受教育程度較高、職業(yè)期望值高;物質和精神享受要求高,發(fā)展性需求提高,公民意識初步覺醒,更有能力維護自己的權利;工作耐受力低;有很強接受和學習能力:他們的思維和價值取向更加多元化。新生代農民工與城市之間橫亙著許多歷史的、人為的障礙。這種不信任影響了第一代農民工參加社會保障的意愿,也世襲給了第二代農民工。還有人分析指出,農民工完全處在城市社會保障網絡之外,尤其在失業(yè)救助、某些地區(qū)對農民工的社會保障做了一定的規(guī)范,出臺了一些相關的政策措施,但政策執(zhí)行和實施效果不佳。農民工在市場初次分配中只能獲得較小的份額,在再分配中應得到適當補償,但城市再分配卻基本將農民工排除在外,尤其是新生代農民工的社會保障基本上沒有被考慮到[8].針對這些隱患問題,新生代農民工的社會保障建設存在著必要性和緊迫性, 農民工群體社會保障制度建設的必要性和現(xiàn)實意義主要體現(xiàn)于以下方面。(1)把農民工納入社會保障體系可以在一定時期彌補國有企業(yè)職工可能出現(xiàn)的保險金支付不足,有利于城市社會保障體系的改革[23].(2)農民工雖然持農村戶口,但他們已與城鎮(zhèn)職工一樣從事非農產業(yè)勞動,建立農民工社會保障能更好地體現(xiàn)社會保障制度的本質,體現(xiàn)其公平性[24].(3)農民工作為社會邊緣人,他們應有社會保障制度來維護自身權利,建立農民工社會保障制度可以進一步完善我國社會保障制度[25].(4)從長遠來看把農民工納入社會保障既能減少改革的阻力與成本,又不會扭曲社會保障一元化目標,是社會保障制度改革長期目標的必然要求[26].第五,農民工社會保障建設對農民工自身有著重大的現(xiàn)實意義:(1)數(shù)量眾多的農民工享受不到應有的基本社會保障與他們?yōu)槌鞘薪洕ㄔO和社會發(fā)展所作出的貢獻完全不對稱,這是絕對不合理的;(2)農民工從事的大多是苦、累、臟、險的工種,受工傷、疾病困擾可能性非常大,社會保障是農民工實現(xiàn)基本生存與發(fā)展的客觀需求;(3)建立農民工社會保障是關愛和保護農民工中婦女、兒童這種生理與社會雙重弱勢人群的需要,他們對社會保障的需求更為迫切;(4)有利于對農民工消費行為的引導,使他們在滿足目前基本生活需求的同時能兼顧其長遠利益[27].針對新生代農民工所處的特殊地位以及其得到的薄弱的社會保障,各地各部門特別是城市管理者應當以落實中央“一號文件”為契機,進一步解放思想,加大政策創(chuàng)新力度,從教育、社保、醫(yī)保和住房等領域入手,層層為其筑起生活保障,因勢利導切實解決好新生代農民工問題。商品房是他們中多數(shù)人難以問津的奢侈品;經濟適用房解決城市居民住房難的定位亦將其排斥在外;廉租房地理位置偏僻,保障范圍小,資金缺口大,供不應求。農民工——中國進城農民工的經濟社會分析。我國農村非農產業(yè)群體的社會保障制度探析。[17]楊輝。武漢理工大學學報,2001,(5)。重視和發(fā)展城市農民工的社會保障事業(yè)。[25]魏麗艷。學術交流,1994,(5)。1新生代農民工就業(yè)面臨的問題首先,物質條件的匱乏使新生代農民工只能居住在偏遠的廠房或者廉價的出租房內,從而在住所上和當?shù)氐恼骄用窀綦x,無法參加正式的社交活動,這種地理隔離對新生代農民工有心理和現(xiàn)實的雙重影響,加劇了其心理上作為“外來人”的感覺,現(xiàn)實中則限制其獲得當?shù)刂R和聯(lián)系的機會,阻礙其在當?shù)卦@得認同。但是,目前政府針對新生代農民工專門設置的職業(yè)介紹體系相對缺乏,缺少關注與引導,信息 網絡 不健全,用工信息發(fā)布不及時,缺乏調控。此外,由于新生代農民工缺乏最基本的勞動安全保護,有些 企業(yè) 只顧眼前利益,為了降低生產成本,不給其必要的勞動保護用品,也不對其進行必要的安全培訓,導致其職業(yè)發(fā)病率和工傷事故發(fā)生率居高不下。2010年中央一號文件強調要采取有效措施推進城鎮(zhèn)化,讓符合條件的農民工進城。其次,應根據國家職業(yè)標準和不同行業(yè)對從業(yè)人員基本技能和技術操作規(guī)程的要求安排培訓內容[6]。就業(yè)問題新生代農民工主要是指80、90后農民工,以“三高一低”為特征,即受教育程度高,職業(yè)期望值高,物質和精神享受要求高,工作耐受力低[1]。調查顯示,有31%的新生代農民工居住在集體宿舍,18%居住在缺乏廚衛(wèi)設施的出租屋里,15%居住在工作地點,10%居住在臨時搭建的工棚里,15%在城里沒有住所,只能往返于城郊之間回農家居住,只有11%居住在廚衛(wèi)齊全的房屋里。例如,在蘇州的新生代農民工一般工作時間都較長,每天工作9~10 %,11~12 %。2改善新生代農民工就業(yè)的機制探索戶籍制度是制約中國農民工就業(yè)問題的首要因素,因此,要改善新生代農民工的社會地位,必須進行戶籍改革。為新生代農民工提供經濟適用房及廉租房是很多地方政府正在探索實施的政策,這一政策的實施有利于家庭的團聚,有利于維持家庭的穩(wěn)定,并為新生代農民工的生活及其子女教育等提供了基本的保證,有利于其融入城市。為了該計劃的實施,河南省將安排培訓補助資金5 000萬元。因此,政府應組織新生代農民工加入工會,協(xié)助其通過集體力量和用人單位進行談判,改變自身在維權中的弱勢地位。migrant workers。s and PhD degree % of the total of the three, which hope their children will have a doctoral degree graduate students up to % [5].for the new generation of migrant workers to provide affordable housing and low cost housing is that many local governments are exploring the implementation of the policy, the implementation of this policy conducive to the family reunion, conducive to maintaining family stability and life for a new generation of migrant workers and their children39。followed should be based on national occupational standards and basic skills for practitioners in different sectors and the technical operation of the training request [6].to guide the migrant workers according to their own advantage, bined with market demand, to choose their own vocational trades training。Secondly, the new generation of farmers Workers have a strong desire to participate in local Political activities, but can not be met, the government often disregard this holding, and even some policy also deepened the current household registration system, a serious impediment to the generation of migrant workers enjoy equal social treatment, although some cities are the reform of local household registration system to allow more migrant workers settled in the city, but often settled threshold is too high, the general generation of migrant workers with their own forces can not go beyond [2]. life without security, welfare difference Most people think of migrant workers on local Economic Development has made great contributions, but the distribution of benefits of local economic development is asymmetrical, due to the land system and the household registration system without the constraints of local land shares or social status of migrant workers into distribution pattern of local society in the interests of obstacles, the most basic living conditions can not be shows that 31% of the new generation of migrant workers living in dormitories, 18% living in rented house the lack of kitchen facilities, 15% live in the workplace, 10% lived in makeshift shed, 15% in the city, no shelter, only to and from the suburbs back to the farm between the living, only 11% lived in houses full in life or welfare of poor circumstances, the accumulation of malignant migrant workers dissatisfied easily, even through extreme methods to vent, so that can sometimes bring the local crime and other social issues, so that local residents have their psychological rejection, resulting in the kinds of contradictions in the longterm vicious by limited employment opportunities, lack of professional staffing system Generation of migrant workers in the choice of employment opportunities, the acquaintance introduced, villagers described, relatives described a high proportion of 3 ways, this is a primitive means of employment, based on mutual trust and assistance, based on personal relationships schools is the employment generation of migrant workers in recent years, one of the main, the advantage is the relatively high employment levels, with the generation of migrant workers have higher skills learned , the present, the government specifically set up the new generation of migrant workers relative lack of employment system, the lack of attention and guidance, Information network is not perfect, employment information release is not timely, the lack of new generation of migrant workers concentrated reflection of the problem is Public Service staff working attitude poor efficiency is low。如給農民減免稅費,發(fā)展農村信貸業(yè)務,積極發(fā)展村鎮(zhèn)銀行、互助基金等新型農村金融機構。建立高效、快捷、及時、準確的勞動力市場信息網絡,及時準確反映民工供需情況,實現(xiàn)省