【正文】 e nature of specialization, after all, to be , the problem with specialization is that it narrows your attention to the point where all you know about and all you want to know about, and, indeed, all you can know about, is your problem with specialization is that it makes you into a cuts you off, not only from everything else in the world, but also from everything else in of course, as college freshmen, your specialization is only just the journey toward the success that you all hope to achieve, you have pleted, by getting into Stanford, only the first of many more years of college, three or four or five years of law school or medical school or a , then residencies or postdocs or years as a junior short, an evernarrowing funnel of go from being a politicalscience major to being a lawyer to being a corporate attorney to being a corporate attorney focusing on taxation issues in the consumerproducts go from being a biochemistry major to being a doctor to being a cardiologist to being a cardiac surgeon who performs heartvalve , there39。s what smart kids go to medical school because it39。s called having a midlife crisis, and it happens to people all the is an alternative, however, and it may be one that hasn39。s just successful, and successful according to a very narrow definition of innovation means using your imagination, exercising the capacity to envision new I39。re offered a choice among a latte and a macchiato and an espresso and a few other things, but you can also make another can turn around and walk you walk into college, you are offered a choice among law and medicine and investment banking and consulting and a few other things, but again, you can also do something else, something that no one has thought of me give you another wrote an essay a couple of years ago that touched on some of these same said, among other things, that kids at places like Yale or Stanford tend to play it safe and go for the conventional one of the most mon criticisms I got went like this: What about Teach for America? Lots of kids from elite colleges go and do TFA after they graduate, so therefore I was , TFA—I heard that over and over Teach for America is undoubtedly a very good to cite TFA in response to my argument is precisely to miss the point, and to miss it in a way that actually confirms what I39。t have to make it up yourself, you don39。re going to be truly autonomous, you also need courage: moral courage to act on your values in the face of what everyone39。t it selfindulgent to try to live the life of the mind when there are so many other things I could be doing with my degree?” “Wouldn39。re being “selfindulgent” if you actually want to get an even worse, give yourself opposed to what? Going into consulting isn39。s a neverending that Harvard event two years ago, one person said, about my assertion that college students needed to keep rethinking the decisions they39。 you will survive them, and you will know yourself better for having made them, and you will be a fuller and a stronger 39。下面讓我們一起通過以下的史蒂芬喬布斯演講稿來領(lǐng)悟。第一個(gè)故事是關(guān)于把我生活中過去的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴聯(lián)系起來。但是當(dāng)我出生以后，律師夫婦在最后一分鐘決定他們真正想要的是一個(gè)女孩。但是我天真的選擇了一個(gè)幾乎和斯坦福一樣昂貴的學(xué)院。但是，回過頭來看，這是我做過的最好的決定之一。讓我給你們舉一個(gè)例子：那時(shí)，Reed學(xué)院提供了當(dāng)時(shí)可能是全國最好的書法課程。我們把字體的設(shè)計(jì)都放入了Mac，第一個(gè)有著優(yōu)美字體的電腦。所以，你一定要相信那些點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴在將來一定會(huì)以某種形式聯(lián)系起來。10年內(nèi)，蘋果從一個(gè)只有我們兩個(gè)人的車庫公司成長(zhǎng)到20億美金，有4000員工的公司。結(jié)果是，我在30歲的時(shí)候被踢出了公司，而且是以盡人皆知的方式被踢出。在蘋果所發(fā)生的事情絲毫沒有改變這一點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)在，Pixar是世界上最成功的動(dòng)畫工作室。別失去信心。就像其他一切需要用心靈去感受的事物，當(dāng)你找到的時(shí)候，你會(huì)知道的。因?yàn)閹缀跞魏问虑樗型饨绲钠谕?，所有的自尊，所有?duì)失敗或丟臉的恐懼在死亡面前都會(huì)煙消云散，只剩下那些真正重要的東西。醫(yī)生們告訴我?guī)缀蹩梢钥隙ㄟ@類癌癥是無法治愈的。他們把內(nèi)窺鏡插下我的喉嚨，穿過我的胃，進(jìn)入腸子，用一根針穿入我的胰臟從腫瘤上提取一些細(xì)胞。經(jīng)歷過這一切，現(xiàn)在我可以更確信的對(duì)你說這一切，死亡不僅僅是一個(gè)有用但抽象的概念。它清理老的，給新的讓出路。最重要的是，有勇氣去追隨你的內(nèi)心與直覺。Stewart和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)出版了幾期The Whole Earth Catalog。保持渴望。今天，有榮幸來到各位從世界上最好的學(xué)校之一畢業(yè)的畢業(yè)典禮上。我的親生母親當(dāng)時(shí)是個(gè)研究生，年輕未婚媽媽，她決定讓別人收養(yǎng)我。但是當(dāng)時(shí)我無知選了一所學(xué)費(fèi)幾乎跟史丹佛一樣貴的大學(xué)，我那工人階級(jí)的父母所有積蓄都花在我的學(xué)費(fèi)上。追尋我的好奇與直覺，我所駐足的大部分事物，后來看來都成了無價(jià)之寶。又因?yàn)閃indows抄襲了麥金塔的使用方式，如果當(dāng)年我沒這樣做，大概世界上所有的個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)都不會(huì)有這些東西，印不出現(xiàn)在我們看到的漂亮的字來了。我二十歲時(shí)，跟Steve Wozniak在我爸媽的車庫里開始了蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的事業(yè)。我成了公眾的非常負(fù)面示范，我甚至想要離開硅谷。我也有了個(gè)美妙的家庭。如果你還沒找到這些事，繼續(xù)找，別停頓。因?yàn)閹缀趺考拢型饨缙谕?、所有名譽(yù)、所有對(duì)困窘或失敗的恐懼－在面對(duì)死亡時(shí)，都消失了，只有最重要的東西才會(huì)留下。人生不帶來，死不帶去，沒什么道理不順心而為。而且，如同任何偉大的關(guān)系，事情只會(huì)隨著時(shí)間愈來愈好。這帖藥很苦口，可是我想蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)這個(gè)病人需要這帖藥。我被否定了，可是我還是愛做那些事情，所以我決定從頭來過。要怎么讓自己創(chuàng)辦的公司炒自己魷魚？好吧，當(dāng)蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)成長(zhǎng)后，我請(qǐng)了一個(gè)我以為他在經(jīng)營公司上很有才干的家伙來，他在頭幾年也確實(shí)干得不錯(cuò)。我再說一次，你不能預(yù)先把點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴串在一起；唯有未來回顧時(shí)，你才會(huì)明白那些點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴是如何串在一起的。在整個(gè)校園內(nèi)的每一張海報(bào)上，每個(gè)抽屜的標(biāo)簽上，都是美麗的手寫字。那時(shí)候，我不知道這輩子要干什么，也不知道念大學(xué)能對(duì)我有什么幫助，而且我為了念這個(gè)書，花光了我父母這輩子的所有積蓄，所以我決定休學(xué)，相信船到橋頭自然直。但是這對(duì)夫妻到了最后一刻反悔了，他們想收養(yǎng)女孩。說實(shí)話，這是我離大學(xué)畢業(yè)最近的一刻。我一直這樣勉勵(lì)我自己。當(dāng)時(shí)我正處在你們的年紀(jì)。其他的一切都不重要。但是，不久，你們會(huì)慢慢變成老的，然后被清理掉。即使是想進(jìn)入天堂的人們也不想通過死亡進(jìn)入那里。但是我的妻子在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。我的醫(yī)生建議我回家把后事準(zhǔn)備好，這也是醫(yī)生對(duì)準(zhǔn)備去死的說法。你已經(jīng)赤條條無牽掛。所以，繼續(xù)找吧，直到你找到。你一定要找到你所熱愛的。我重返了蘋果。所以，我決定重新開始。有幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間，我真的不知道做什么好。然后，我被解雇了。這一方法從沒有讓我失望過。因?yàn)閃indows只是照搬了Mac，有可能沒有任何個(gè)人電腦會(huì)有這樣的字體。因?yàn)槲逸z學(xué)了，不用再去上正常的課程，我決定上書法課，去學(xué)學(xué)如何寫書法。這并不浪漫。六個(gè)月后，我看不到這有任何價(jià)值。他們?cè)诎胍菇拥搅艘粋€(gè)電話，“我們有一個(gè)意料之外的男嬰。但是，在我真正離開那里前，我又呆了大約18個(gè)月。我從來沒有從大學(xué)畢業(yè)。m not sure I agree with this, but it39。re going to do for the rest of their lives? Or a 19yearold, for that matter? All you can decide is what you think now, and you need to be prepared to keep making let me be 39。t selfindulgent? Going into law, like most of the people who do, in order to make yourself rich, isn39。re made to feel like you39。re not going to like courageous individuals tend to make the people around them very don39。s the Stanford or Harvard of social 39。s just bee another thing to get terms of its content, Teach for America is pletely different from Goldman Sachs or McKinsey or Harvard Medical School or Berkeley Law, but in terms of its place within the structure of elite expectations, of elite choices, it is exactly the 39。m here to talk about a different 39。t occurred to couple of years ago, I participated in a panel discussion at Harvard that dealt with some of these same matters, and afterward I was contacted by one of the students who had e to the event, a young woman who was writing her senior thesis about Harvard itself, how it instills in its students what she called selfefficacy, the sense that you can do anything you , or, in more familiar terms, are some kids, she said, who get an A