國(guó)際化策略(完整版)
【正文】 sponsiveness ? Difficult to achieve because of simultaneous requirements ? strong central control and coordination to achieve efficiency ? decentralization to achieve local market responsiveness ? Must pursue anizational learning to achieve petitive advantage 18 Type of Entry Characteristics Exporting High cost, low control Licensing Low cost, low risk, little control, low returns Strategic alliances Shared costs, shared resources, shared risks, problems of integration Acquisition Quick access to new market, high cost, plex negotiations, problems of merging with domestic operations New wholly owned subsidiary Complex, often costly, time consuming, high risk, maximum control, potential aboveaverage returns Global Market Entry: Choice of Entry Mode 19 國(guó)際性差異化策略 一個(gè)擁有先進(jìn)與特殊生產(chǎn)要素的國(guó)家，有可能發(fā)展此種策略 ＊日本、德國(guó)、美國(guó) 國(guó)際化低成本策略 企業(yè)通常將營(yíng)運(yùn)活動(dòng)集中於母國(guó) 產(chǎn)品出口至國(guó)外市場(chǎng) 將低附加價(jià)值的作業(yè)外包至其他國(guó)家 保留高附加價(jià)值的作業(yè)在母國(guó) 事業(yè)層國(guó)際化策略 20 Strategic Competitiveness Outes: Returns ? International diversification and returns: firm expands the sales of its goods or services across the borders of global regions and countries into different geographic locations or markets – may increase a firm’s returns – such firms usually achieve the most positive stock returns – firm may achieve economies of scale and experience, location advantages, increased market size and opportunity to stabilize returns 21 國(guó)際化整合低成本／差異化策略 因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的多元性，所以整合策略是全球市場(chǎng)上最有效的策略 整合策略的執(zhí)行 ?依賴彈性製造系統(tǒng) ?企業(yè)內(nèi)與企業(yè)間的資訊網(wǎng)路 ?全面品質(zhì)管理來(lái) 國(guó)際化集中策略 許多企業(yè)在進(jìn)軍國(guó)際時(shí)仍繼續(xù)以小規(guī)模的市場(chǎng)利基為焦點(diǎn) ＊義大利的磁磚業(yè) 事業(yè)層國(guó)際化策略 22 Strategic Competitiveness Outes: Innovation ? International diversification and innovation: firm expands the sales of its goods or services across the borders of global regions and countries into different geographic locations or markets – potentially greater returns on innovations (larger markets) – generate additional resources for investment in innovation – exposed to new products and processes in international markets, generates additional knowledge leading to innovations 23 Risks in an International Environment Political Risks Economic Risks Political risks include ? instability in national gover
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