假設檢驗相關知識簡介(完整版)
【正文】 1. 定明虛 無 性假設 (Ho ) ?HO : A國與 B國居民身高相等 (m A = m B ). 規(guī)定選擇性假設 (Ha ) ? HA : A國居民身高低于 B國居民的身高 (m A m B ). 2. 基于在需被測試的假設上，決定適合的統(tǒng)計測試 . 3. 決定可接受的風險程度 . ? ? 風險 : 通常 5% (預設 值 ) ? b 風險 : 通常 10 – 20% (預設 值 ) 30 Hypothesis Testing Protocol (Cont) 4. Determine the proper sample size for the test (Section 5) 5. Collect a sample of observations from the population. 6. Calculate statistics based on the sample. 7. Use a statistical test to test alternative hypothesis. 8. Based on the test result, we accept or reject Ho based on the previously determined criterion. 9. Translate the results. Translate the statistical conclusion to a practical one. ? Statistical Conclusion: Can we prove difference statistically. ? Practical Conclusion: Do we care about the difference? 31 假設檢驗協(xié)議 (續(xù) ) 4. 決定適合測試的樣本數(shù)量 (第五部分 ) 5. 從總體中選取需觀察的樣本群 . 6. 計算樣本的統(tǒng)計 . 7. 用統(tǒng)計測試方法測驗選擇性假設 . 8. 在測試結果的基礎上，根據先前確定的標準，做出選擇或拒絕 Ho 的決定 . 9. 轉化結果 . 將統(tǒng)計的結論轉換為現(xiàn)實的結果 . ? 統(tǒng)計結論 : 我們能從統(tǒng)計的角度證明差別嗎？ ? 現(xiàn)實結果 : 我們需注意這些差別嗎 ? 32 We’ll be using hypothesis testing as a method to prove change Target or desired value One Sample t Are multiple samples the same Mean: two sample t or ANOVA Variation: F test or Test for Equal Variance Proportion of Occurrence: Chi Square C2 33 我們將假設檢驗作為證明差異的一種方法 目標 數(shù) 值 一個樣本 t 若干樣本是否一致 一致 : 兩個 t樣本 或 ANOVA 不一致 : 用 F測試 或均等 差異 測試 事情發(fā)生的概率 : Chi Square C2 34 靜夜四無鄰，荒居舊業(yè)貧。 12 Hypothesis Tests ? Point Estimates of parameters and Confidence Interval Interpretation are both means for making inferences about sample data. ? Hypothesis tests are designed to help us make an inference about the true population value at the desired level of confidence. ? We will use confidence intervals and tests of sample means, variances and sample standard deviation to investigate difference and cause/ effect relationships using data. Hypothesis Tests help determine if an apparent difference is real or could be due to chance. By using data and hypothesis testing, we can quantify our level of confidence that the difference is real. 13 假設檢驗 ? 對參數(shù)特征值估計和可信區(qū)間的詮釋都是得出樣本數(shù)據推論的路徑 . ? 假設檢驗是用以幫助我們在需要的可信度上對真實的總體數(shù) 值進行推論的。因為它們是用以代表總體參數(shù)的單一 數(shù) 值。 ? 在 Minitab中用“ =”表示 ? 選擇性假設 (Ha ): ? 通常用以描述差別 ? 以證據為基礎接受或拒絕的類型 ? 在 Minitab中用“ not =or or ”表示 Or 不是 全 虛 性 假設（相同）就是選擇性假設（相區(qū)別的） 20 Hypothesis Testing Guilty vs. Innocent Example The American justice system can be used to illustrate the concept of hypothesis testing.
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