【正文】 :16:4522:16Mar239Mar23 1越是無能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯兒。 。因為它們是用以代表總體參數的單一 數 值。 26 Defining Hypotheses Null Hypotheses HO: X1=Target HO: X1=m HO: X1X2=0 HO:m1?m2=0 HO: X1=X2=X3=….Xn HO: s1=s2 HO: S1=S2 HO: S1=S2=S3=….Sn Alternative Hypotheses HA:m1?m2 Inequalities are two sided tests HA:X1?X2 HA:m1m2 HA:X1X2 One Sided test are used for or hypotheses. HA: m1m2 HA:X1X2 HA: X1?X2?0 ___________________ HA: X1?X20 ___________________ HA: X1?X20 ___________________ HA: s1?s2 _______________________ HA: s1s2 _______________________ HA: S1S2 _______________________ Scripting Hypotheses as equations is useful when stating. 27 定義假設 虛 無 性假設 HO: X1=Target HO: X1=m HO: X1X2=0 HO:m1?m2=0 HO: X1=X2=X3=….Xn HO: s1=s2 HO: S1=S2 HO: S1=S2=S3=….Sn 選擇性假設 HA:m1?m2 不等式是針對兩邊的測試 HA:X1?X2 HA:m1m2 HA:X1X2 單邊測試用于 或 假設 . HA: m1m2 HA:X1X2 HA: X1?X2?0 ___________________ HA: X1?X20 ___________________ HA: X1?X20 ___________________ HA: s1?s2 _______________________ HA: s1s2 _______________________ HA: S1S2 _______________________ 把假設以等式陳述很有用 . 28 Hypothesis Testing Protocol The hypotheses are always statements about the population parameters. 1. State your null hypothesis (Ho ) ?HO : The height of citizens in country A is equal to the height of citizens in country B (m A = m B ). State your Alternative Hypothesis (Ha ) ? HA : The height of citizens in country A is less than the height of citizens in country B (m A m B ). 2. Determine the appropriate statistical test based on the Hypothesis being tested. 3. Determine the level of acceptable risk. ? ? Risk: usually 5% (Default) ? b Risk: Usually 10 – 20% (Default) 29 假設檢驗協(xié)議 假設總是關于總體參數的 陳述 . 1. 定明虛 無 性假設 (Ho ) ?HO : A國與 B國居民身高相等 (m A = m B ). 規(guī)定選擇性假設 (Ha ) ? HA : A國居民身高低于 B國居民的身高 (m A m B ). 2. 基于在需被測試的假設上，決定適合的統(tǒng)計測試 . 3. 決定可接受的風險程度 . ? ? 風險 : 通常 5% (預設 值 ) ? b 風險 : 通常 10 – 20% (預設 值 ) 30 Hypothesis Testing Protocol (Cont) 4. Determine the proper sample size for the test (Section 5) 5. Collect a sample of observations from the population. 6. Calculate statistics based on the sample. 7. Use a statistical test to test alternative hypothesis. 8. Based on the test result, we accept or reject Ho based on the previously determined criterion. 9. Translate the results. Translate the statistical conclusion to a practical one. ? Statistical Concl