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企業(yè)估值實體價值培訓教材(完整版)

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【正文】 企業(yè)價值 ? 企業(yè)價值 = FCF/(WACCg) ? = [ NOPLAT*[1( g/ROIC) ]]/( WACCg) ? = [IC*ROIC*[1( g/ROIC) ]]/( WACCg) ? FCF = NOPLAT 凈投資 ? = NOPLAT ( NOPLAT*IR) ? = NOPLAT*( 1 IR) ? = NOPLAT*[1( g/ROIC) ] ? IR = g/ROIC 經(jīng)濟利潤 ? 經(jīng)濟利潤的概念最早可追溯到 1890年,經(jīng)濟學家 :“在扣除當前利率下的資本利息之后,所有者擁有的利潤可以被稱之為其工作或者管理的利潤。所以,杠桿公司的價值就等于這兩種貼現(xiàn)值之和: ? VL = E( EBIT)( 1 t) / ρ + kdDt / kb ? 由于年債券的市場價值 ? B = kdD / kb ? 所以,杠桿公司價值可表示為: ? VL = VU + tB 投入資本 ? 投入資本的本質(zhì)在于從實體價值考慮,不區(qū)分負債與權(quán)益,而是考慮二者資金在實體價值創(chuàng)造過程中的相同作用,將兩方面的投資者結(jié)合起來平等對待。第二章 企業(yè)估值 : 實體價值 一、 MM模型 ? 資本結(jié)構(gòu)模型-不考慮公司所得稅 ? 永續(xù)年金定價模型 ? 企業(yè)市場價值=權(quán)益市場價值+債務(wù)的市場價值 ? = E + B ? = D/ke + I/kd ? 資本結(jié)構(gòu)模型-考慮公司所得稅 一、 MM模型 ? 稅收豁免額 (tax shield amount)=i B t ? 稅收豁免現(xiàn)值= i B t/i ? = B t ? 運用財務(wù)杠桿企業(yè)市場價值=不運用財務(wù)杠桿企業(yè)市場價值+稅收豁免現(xiàn)值 ? 即: VL = Vu + tB 二、對 MM模型的修正 ? 資本結(jié)構(gòu)模型-考慮公司所得稅、財務(wù)危機成本和代理費用: ? 利用財務(wù)杠桿企業(yè)市場價值=未利用財務(wù)杠桿企業(yè)市場價值+稅收豁免現(xiàn)值-財務(wù)危機成本現(xiàn)值-代理費用現(xiàn)值 ? 即: VL = Vu + tB – Cd – Ca ? ka = (E/(B+E))ke + (B/(B+E))kd(1t) ? = (E/(B+E))ke + (B/(B+E))ki The MM Propositions I II (No Taxes) ? Proposition I – Firm value is not affected by leverage – VL = VU ? Proposition II – Leverage increases the risk and return to stockholders – rs = r0 + (B / SL) (r0 rB) ? rB is the interest rate (cost of debt) ? rs is the return on (levered) equity (cost of equity) ? r0 is the return on unlevered equity (cost of capital) ? B is the value of debt ? SL is the value of levered equity The Cost of Equity, the Cost of Debt, and the Weighted Average Cost of Capital: MM Proposition II with No Corporate Taxes Debttoequity ratio (B/S) Cost of capital: r (%) . r0 rS rWACC rB The MM Propositions I II (with Corporate Taxes) ? Proposition I (with Corporate Taxes) – Firm value increases with leverage – VL = VU + t B ? Proposition II (with Corporate Taxes) – Some of the increase in equity risk and return is offset by interest tax shield – rS = r0 + (B/SL) (1 t) (r0 rB) ? rB is the interest rate (cost of debt) ? rS is the return on equity (cost of equity) ? r0 is the return on unlevered equity (cost of capital) ? B is the value of debt ? SL is the value of levered equity The Effect of Financial Leverage on the Cost of Debt and Equity Capital Debttoequity ratio (B/S) Cost of capital: r (%) . r0 rS rWACC rB . . . = 200 370 無負債公司價值 ? 假設(shè)非杠桿經(jīng)營(無負債)公司的價
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