【正文】 f illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, missives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T 表述句，受約句，表情句，指令句，陳述句3. “We can do things with words” this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the audience. T8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. F not words but contextual features F10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T X表達什么意義x12. “ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T X想表達什么13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. F person d Pragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as municated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning. 16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. munication B17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more D18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself C19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. Pragmatics D4. Exercises to Chapter 4 SyntaxI. General view of syntax1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are bined to form sentences.2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate.3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teacher’s , kiss him 賓格，主格，與格，芬蘭語有15種格4． Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other.5. Government : A word determines the form of 6. langue and paroleLangue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech munity. Stability Parole: actual speech 7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image)1. 所指 2 能指 之間的關系是任意的 8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations Syntagmatic: what precedes or follows9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics 10. “Rheme” “Theme”負載交際能力最小的是主位。 Language Introduction:1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is ______one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is ______ . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. _____ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. _____ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bowwowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you. ” “Hi” to your friends is the _______of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the _____ function of language. A. directive function B. informative functionC. phatic function D. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _____. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural C. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in _______. A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only C. consonants only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p]12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel?A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ?A. [ s ] B. [∫ ] C. [ l ] D. [θ]15. In the following sounds , ______ is a voiceless affricative ? A. [dЗ ] B. [ v ] C. [t∫] D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a ____. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semivowel D. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below, _____ is not an English word ? A. [r∧b ] B. [ l230。 while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking AC. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing14． F. de Saussure is a(