【正文】 bjective world. ? N3. Can different expressions have the same referent? Y4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? NIII. State the following sentences “True” or “False”. 1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intralinguistic relationship. T 2. In most cases, “sense ” and “meaning” are different terms for the same 3. Every word has its own sense. F 4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T 5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T 6. Extension can only be applied to the things at present. F 7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between denotation and sense. T 8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, . ‘bus’. T 9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F 10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F 11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T 12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T 13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T 14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T 15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F Complementary 16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. F 17. The meaning of each expression can be defined in terms of its semantic ponents so as to contrast with the meaning of all the expressions in the same language. T 18. The proposition of a sentence may be more simply stated as a verb and a selection of case categories. T19. According to case grammar, the part of proposition in a sentence is a tensed set of relationships between a verb and a noun phrase ( or noun phrases). IV. What role does each of the underlined phrases play?1. John hit Fred on the head with a brick. A Ex Loc Ins2. James heard the news from Peter. Ex. O Source3. Mr. Smith made a vase out of this clay. A Resu Source4. These books were given to my sister by John. O Bene A5. Smoke filled the room. Ins Loc V. Do the following pairs of sentences synonymous? What is the difference between them. 1. He refused her invitation. General He declined her incitation. polite Y2. The young man had no gust to face the reality. Colloquial The young man had no courage to face the reality. Y general 3. A torrent of rain inundated the basement. literaryA torrent of rain flooded the basement. mon 4. His proposal was turned down by the mittee. colloquialHis proposal was rejected by the mittee intense 5. Susan has recently rented a flat in this area. BE Susan has recently rented an apartment in this area. AE6. Eric bought a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary. gen Eric purchased a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary. formal7. They came to pay their respect to the deceased. professional They came to pay their respect to the dead. General8. This stuff has a bad smell. slangThis material has a bad smell. CommonVI. Write down the logic formulae for the following simple propositions:1. John loves his family. L(j,f)2. Matha is the aunt of Peter. Aunt (m,p)3. Jack is lying in bed. Lie (j, b) 4. Ellen is proud of her son. Proud (e, s)5. Jim returned the book to the professor. Return (j,b, p)VII. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word. Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three ponents of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).Most language utterances（話語(yǔ)） depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first e to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to e to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and plexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or nonhuman municative behavior. And linguistic________(9) the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest. 1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammar6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer 8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. municative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.D A B B B D A D C B D B A 3. Exercises to Pragmatics1. According to and R. Carnap, _____is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters. A. Syntax B. Sem