【正文】 燙傷后第一個(gè) 24 小時(shí)應(yīng)補(bǔ)丟失液量是 多少？ 答題思路： 1．根據(jù)中國(guó)新九分法計(jì)算燙傷總面積，注意Ⅰ度燒傷不計(jì)入燒 傷總面積。如腦出血是醫(yī)療診斷，醫(yī)生關(guān)心的是腦出血的進(jìn)一步治療，而護(hù)士關(guān)心的是患者患腦出血后的反應(yīng)，相應(yīng)的護(hù)理診斷則可能是“身體移動(dòng)障礙”、和“皮膚完整性受損的危險(xiǎn)”。2．長(zhǎng)期慢性咳嗽、咳痰可對(duì)機(jī)體造成哪些不良影響？本題主要考查的是咳嗽是一種保護(hù)性反射動(dòng)作，呼吸道內(nèi)的分泌物或進(jìn)入呼吸道的異物，可借咳嗽反射排出體外。（1）上消化道或小腸出血，糞便可為血液與糞便完全混合或全為血液。（3）活動(dòng)無耐力：與胸、腹腔積液所致呼吸困難有關(guān)。（4）堅(jiān)持乳房自我檢查：①站在鏡前觀察乳房②平臥或側(cè)臥觸摸乳房③檢查乳頭及腋下。②防止復(fù)發(fā)方面，按醫(yī)囑要求進(jìn)行放療或化療，5年內(nèi)避免妊娠，經(jīng)常查乳房。病人身 高165cm，體重45Kg，近3個(gè)月來體重下降5kg，快步行走200米后 即有心慌、氣短和出汗。 甲亢時(shí)超生理量的甲狀腺激素長(zhǎng)期作用于心臟，使心臟的負(fù)擔(dān)加重，從而可能引起心臟病。如果患甲亢前已明確有心臟病，患甲亢后心臟病表現(xiàn)加重，則考慮其它心臟病。一般患者用藥一個(gè)療程后TT4數(shù)值恢復(fù)正常，成功地解除了甲亢所致的粗脖、突眼，使急躁、易怒、怕熱等癥狀全部消失。答：腸梗阻大致可分為機(jī)械性(器質(zhì)性)和動(dòng)力性(功能性)兩大類。答：禁食水，胃腸減壓以減輕腹脹。④定期擴(kuò)張?jiān)炜?。以后改半臥位利于引流。一、病例分析題：男性， 20歲， 1周前元明顯誘因出現(xiàn)右上腹脹痛，伴間斷惡心、嘔吐，吐胃內(nèi)容物。特別是廣泛性粘連者，一般選用非手術(shù)治療。女性， 55歲，突發(fā)上腹痛6小時(shí)，伴高熱，皮膚鞏膜發(fā)黃。 (2)不開腹，創(chuàng)傷小，痛苦小。女性， 27歲，教師，婚后1年，因大便次數(shù)增多，月工門墜脹感，血便、服血便2年，到醫(yī)院就診，直腸指診:距且工緣4cm觸及一環(huán)行腫物，質(zhì)硬、活動(dòng)度差，推指指套有染血。所以建議你及時(shí)手術(shù)！外科護(hù)理學(xué)形成性考核作業(yè)4參考答案一、名詞解釋：反常呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)：是一種病理的呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)，是胸部外傷后至胸部多發(fā)肋骨骨折，胸部軟化所致，正常人在吸氣時(shí)胸廓抬起，呼氣時(shí)胸壁下降；反常呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)正好相反，在吸氣時(shí)胸廓下降，呼氣時(shí)胸壁抬起。以水為主，每次50毫升，每2小時(shí)一次。肺癌病人心理脆弱，加上手術(shù)本身刀口大，易產(chǎn)生對(duì)術(shù)后疼痛的不安和恐懼。⑦飲食調(diào)節(jié)和藥物預(yù)防。 列舉腰椎間盤突出癥病人保守治療期間進(jìn)行腰背肌功能鍛煉的目的和方法。但是再次手術(shù)，增加病人的痛苦；特別是緊急手術(shù)，手術(shù)前的各種準(zhǔn)備措施可能不如普通手術(shù)那樣充分，增加了手術(shù)的危險(xiǎn)性。t 0意識(shí)不清，呼之不應(yīng)，壓 眶上神經(jīng)元反應(yīng)，雙側(cè)臆反射可對(duì)稱引出，左側(cè)巴氏征( + ) ，右側(cè) 巴氏征(一九輔助檢查:頭顱CT示慢性硬腦膜下血腫，右額葉廣泛腦挫裂傷。禁忌證：結(jié)核性膿胸。身高1. 75肌體重50kgo食管鏡檢查提示食管中段癌。食管癌病人應(yīng)在術(shù)前做充分準(zhǔn)備，以提高手術(shù)成功率，降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率?！、芊乐胃腥荆菏彻馨┦中g(shù)為操作時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的大手術(shù)，可以預(yù)防性應(yīng)用抗生素。心力衰竭病人對(duì)手術(shù)不耐受，除非是急癥搶救，都必須在心力衰竭控制一段時(shí)間，最好是3～4周后，再施行手術(shù)?？傊?，食管癌的手術(shù)是相對(duì)復(fù)雜的較大手術(shù)，術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備繁瑣、細(xì)致，應(yīng)在臨床醫(yī)生的指導(dǎo)下，盡可能做得充分。 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players。s game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the men39。s original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first fiveman teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the twohand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics。s devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behindtheback dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma Aamp。s prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAA39。 Eddie Gottlieb39。s game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional men39。s original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893。s National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The sp