【正文】 ，更痛苦的是自己成了對周圍人造成威脅的傳染源。有這種憤懣情緒的人，有時還遷怒于人和事，易激惹、愛發(fā)脾氣。根據(jù)病人的這些心理活動特點，醫(yī)護人員應耐心細致地講述某些傳染病的病程規(guī)律，甚至寧肯把病程說得長一些，以便使他們安下心來積極治療。有的病人不但否認自己病情惡化的事實，而且還談論病愈后的設想和打算。 這時能順從地接受治療，要求生理上有舒適、周到的護理，希望能延緩死亡的時間。也在的臨終前因疼痛難忍而希望速死。有的病人來不及等到親屬到來就離開人世，就由護士代替其親人接受并保存遺物，或記錄遺言。然而一般來說，病人及其家屬總要對探病者講講病人的病情和感覺，這時，應該認真聆聽，并從中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些對病人有利的因素，以便接過話題，對病人及其家屬進行安慰。s time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If it rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese remember being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brother and sisterinlaw. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for pany. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulang39。 Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on top of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to bee pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been handed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentine39。 要有真摯的同情心，和藹可親的態(tài)度，親切美好的語言，理解家屬對親人生病帶來的痛苦，設身處地的為病人著想 ，通過細致觀察，專心傾聽家屬的陳述，仔細分析家屬不同心理問題和產生的原因，有的放矢地進行護理。安慰病人及其家屬，目的是為了讓病人精神寬松，早日恢復健康，所以，決不能把有可能增加其憂慮和不安的消息帶去，還要避免談論可能刺激對方或對方忌諱的話題。有些人病情雖很嚴重，意識卻十分清醒，表現(xiàn)得留戀人生，不愿死去。 4．抑郁期 病人已知道自己面臨垂危，表現(xiàn)了極度傷感，并急于安排后事，留下自己的遺言。對于這樣 的病人，護士應當勸說家屬不可當著病人面表現(xiàn)出難過，即使這樣彼此心照不宣。因此，醫(yī)護人員的言行要使病人感到真誠、溫暖、可信、可親、可敬、醫(yī)患之間形成深厚的情誼。應針對不同病人的具體情況，講清患了傳染病 并不可怕，只要積極配合治療是可以治愈的，而且要講清暫時隔離的意義，并耐心指導他們如何適應這暫時被隔離的生活。人是社會的人，都有愛與歸屬的需要，都有社會交往的需要。 11 4．鼓勵病人積極對待人生 外科病人手術后大都要經過相當長一段時間的恢復過程。又比如，暗示可以減輕疼痛，聽他喜歡的音樂也能減輕疼痛。同時醫(yī)生和護士應當傳 達有利的信息，給予鼓勵和支持，以免病人術后過度痛苦和焦慮。 （二）病人術后的心理與心理護理 病人經過手術，尤其承受大手術的人，一旦從麻醉中醒來，意識到自己已經活過來，頗感僥幸，這時他們渴望知道自己疾病的真實情況和手術效果。一個手術室內最好只擺一張手術臺，不宜 10 幾個手術臺并排擺列，以免產生消極暗示。病房護士還應介紹手術醫(yī)生和護士情況，在病人面前樹立手術醫(yī) 生的威信，以增加病人的安全感。為此應當進行術前心理咨詢。他們反映，入院就盼早日手術，一安排手術日就惶恐不安，吃不下飯、睡不 好覺，盡管在手術日的前一天晚上服用安眠藥，仍難以入睡。經驗證明，在良好的心理護理配合下，病人不僅能遵囑就餐，而且還有飲食療法的意義。那種興高采烈、生機勃勃的形象不見了，代之以動作遲緩、情感脆弱、謹小慎微、被動依賴、敏感多疑，自我中心等表現(xiàn)。為了幫助病人緩解心理沖突，減輕精神痛苦，醫(yī)護人員還應針對每人病人的具體情況做好心理疏導工作。 由于急性病人的主導心理活動是恐懼，因此，心理護理的中心任務是增強病人的安全感。否則，如果在病人心理上高度緊張之時，再加上搶救時的種種劣性刺激，就會加重病情，甚至造成嚴重后果。 4 同病相憐感： 相同疾病的患者家屬之間親和力極高，非常容易溝通，有同病相憐感，尤其是絕癥或重癥新人入院患者家屬對老病人的經驗信任程度超過醫(yī)生。 悲傷是病人感覺或預感到將要出現(xiàn)失去親人或重要事物時的一種心理反應狀態(tài)。不同病人焦慮的行為表現(xiàn)也因病 6 情輕重而異。要求他人尊重自己，重視自己，關注自身的病情及預后等。 4 目 錄 1 什么是心理護理 ................................................................................................................ 5 2 心理護理的常用方法 ........................................................................................................ 5 疼痛 的心理護理 .......................................................................................................... 5 焦慮 的心理護理 .......................................................................................................... 6 恐懼 的心理護理 ..................................................................