【正文】 on the other hand, aim at minimizing postsanction loan losses through such steps as securitization, derivative trading, risk sharing, legal enforcement etc. It is widely believed that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Therefore, the focus of the study is on preventive measures in tune with the norms prescribed by New Basel Capital Accord. The study also intends to throw some light on the two most significant developments impacting the fundamentals of credit risk management practices of banking industry – New Basel Capital Accord and Risk Based Supervision. Apart from highlighting the salient features of credit risk management prescriptions under New Basel Accord, attempts are made to codify the response of Indian banking professionals to various proposals under the accord. Similarly, RBI proposed Risk Based Supervision (RBS) is examined to capture its direction and implementation problems。vis other countries and highlight the importance of NPAs management. NPA is an advance where payment of interest or repayment of installment of principal (in case of Term loans) or both remains unpaid for a period of 90 days10 (new norms with effect from 31st March, 2020) or more. Trends in NPA levels: The study has been carried out using the RBI reports on banks (Annual Financial Reports), information / data obtained from the banks and discussion with bank officials. For assessing parative position on CARR, NPAs and their recoveries in all scheduled banks viz., Public sector Banks, Private sector banks were perused to identify the level of NPAs. The Table lists the level of nonperforming assets as percentage of advances of pubic sector banks and private sector banks. An analysis of NPAs of different banks groups indicates, the public sector banks hold larger share of NPAs during the year 199394 and gradually decreased to percent in the year 2020. On the contrary, the private sector banks show fluctuating trend with starting at percent in the year 199495 rising upto percent in year 1998 and decreased to percent in the year 202003 International parison of NPA levles: Comparison of the problem loan levels in the Indian banking system vis224。對(duì)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的有效管理是風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 管理 的重要組成部分 ， 是長期有效管理銀行機(jī)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵所在 。 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的基石是建立一個(gè)框架 來 定義企業(yè) 的 貸款審批程序，信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)級(jí)體系，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)調(diào)整 后的 價(jià)格體系，貸款審查機(jī)制和全面的報(bào)告制度 。據(jù)估計(jì)， 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大約占銀行全部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的 70％ ，剩下的就是與其他兩個(gè)主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共享，即市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（ 市場價(jià)格變化引起的）和業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（銀行內(nèi)部控制故障） 。 一個(gè)更好的和有效的戰(zhàn)略信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理進(jìn)程是一個(gè)更好管理投資信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的途徑 。整個(gè)印度銀行業(yè)各類投資不良資產(chǎn)規(guī)模已有 1,00， 000 千萬盧比，占了整個(gè)印度年 GDP 的 6%。 新巴塞爾資本適足公約將在 2020年底開始生效，所有的銀行監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)將納入該體系內(nèi)。 即使在實(shí)行定期微調(diào)信貸政策或簡化信貸程序的銀行，要正確識(shí)別風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、集中財(cái)力并進(jìn)行量化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度，確定多樣化的機(jī)會(huì) ，平衡其投資組合中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回報(bào)所占的比例等等對(duì)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理者來講仍然是一個(gè)極大的挑戰(zhàn)！ 這兩個(gè)不同的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方面可以很容易地被識(shí)別，即預(yù)防和治療措施。 研究目標(biāo)： 本研究試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)以下目標(biāo)： 1． 分析商業(yè)銀行不良資產(chǎn)在印度的趨勢。 2. 不良資產(chǎn)問題 簡介： 在 90 年代初， Liberlization 與全球化政府對(duì)印度金融部門拋出了許多挑戰(zhàn)。 預(yù)計(jì) 2020年至 2020 年的國家行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)突出說明國內(nèi)大多數(shù)國家的公共部門銀行完全出局。 表 列出了公共部門銀行和私人銀行的不良資產(chǎn)的貸款比率水平。此外，安永會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所還指出，印度的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則都低于發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體。 印度國家行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)的原因： 在突出的秩序下， 印度儲(chǔ)備銀行內(nèi)部進(jìn)行的研究表明，有以下因素造成了不良資 產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)生。這 些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是高度相互依存以及可影響一個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)類別產(chǎn)生后果的事件之一。 。 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 銀行面臨的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 外部因素： *經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退 *輸入 /電力短缺 *價(jià)格升級(jí) *匯率波動(dòng) *意外事故和自然災(zāi)害等 *改變政府政策的海關(guān) /進(jìn)口稅，污染控制命令等 。在一個(gè)總體水平上，中國的國家行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)是 GDP 的 45%左右，而日本是 28%左右，馬來西亞的國家行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)的水平大約為 42%。相反，私營部門銀行表明波動(dòng)起薪點(diǎn)為 199495 年的%上升至 1998 年的 %，到 202003 年度下降至 %。 因此，一家印度已發(fā)展到處理不良資產(chǎn)和不良資產(chǎn)的管理水平保持在公差后期的銀行 的成功取決于印度的一些體制機(jī)制，方法和出現(xiàn)的法律規(guī)定的緊縮。 他們有對(duì)其的早餐負(fù)債表重新審視，并基于 Narasimhan 監(jiān)管 委員會(huì)建議來嚴(yán)格分析確認(rèn)收入的審慎監(jiān)管，和用規(guī)范的角度來看待他們的供應(yīng)。 3． 公共部門銀行的不良資產(chǎn)與私人銀行的多元化投資組合之間的關(guān)系研究。 另一方面，治療措施的目標(biāo)是盡量通過這些步驟，例如證券，金融衍生工具交易，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)共擔(dān)，執(zhí)法等來減少貸款損失。作為印度銀行體系監(jiān)管者的印度銀行已經(jīng)對(duì)該加強(qiáng)管理體系表現(xiàn)出的濃厚的興趣，而一些私人銀行也已經(jīng)積極回應(yīng)，并希望能夠通過以國際上最好的方法來更好的衡量他們自身。而且他還進(jìn)一步提出，只有銀行的不良資產(chǎn)比例小于 3%，同時(shí)擁有充足的存款，準(zhǔn)備金率在過去兩年當(dāng)中超過 11%才有資格在沒有得到印度銀行允許下發(fā)放紅利。 在印度商業(yè)銀行有一個(gè)特別是鑒于需要的戰(zhàn)略方針為信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理軟件 。 因此，信貸的路線現(xiàn)在向 小借款人 （一級(jí)二借款人）開放。 因此， 銀行與 與 此相關(guān)的行業(yè)作為整體必須有足夠 完善 的系統(tǒng) 來進(jìn)行 個(gè)人信用項(xiàng)目評(píng)估和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估 。 然而 ， 由于種種原因最近發(fā)生的收購有了更大的意義 。 Malaysia reveal that it ranged from 1 percent to percent during 199394, percent to percent during 199495, to percent during 2020 as against percent, percent and 14 percent respectively for Indian banks during this year11. The NPAs level in Japan, for example is at percent of total loans, it is percent in Hong Kong, percent in Thailand, percent in Indonesia, and percent in Malaysia during 9495, whereas the corresponding figure for India is very high at percent12. According to Ernst amp?！癛ISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS” (A CASE STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS) ABSTRACT ONLY 1. PREAMBLE: Risk Management: The future of banking will undoubtedly rest on risk management dynamics. Only those banks that have efficient risk management system will survive in the market in the long run. The effective management of credit risk is a critical ponent of prehensive risk management essential for longterm success of a banking institution. Credit risk is the oldest and biggest risk that bank, by virtue of its very nature of business, inherits. This has however, acquired a greater significance in the recent past for various reasons. Foremost a