【正文】 he banks. Thus, 82% of the interviewed entrepreneurs considered that the access to bank financing is very difficult, especially because of the excessive bureaucracy, the unjustified high requirements, the high interest rates, the rigidity of the creditworthiness indicators used by banks, the numerous types of missions and fees required. Also, over 61% of the SMEs’ entrepreneurs and managers reported banks’ lack of transparency (by charging hidden fees, ineffective munication etc.), no real negotiation (by using standard contracts, banks39。 the second part is dedicated to a literature review which summarises the main researches undertaken so far on this theme。然而，大多數(shù)調(diào)查報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)，始終中小企業(yè)的融資渠道是影響其運(yùn)行和發(fā)展的一個(gè)最重要的因素。尤其是在當(dāng)前金融危機(jī)的背景下，重點(diǎn)是大約三分之二的歐盟企業(yè)的支持措施通過(guò)了歐洲委員會(huì) ,開(kāi)始了歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)恢復(fù)計(jì)劃旨在促進(jìn)融資（歐洲委員會(huì) 2020 :79）。了解這方面的知識(shí)對(duì)采取措施為支持和促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)融資至關(guān)重要。因此，重要的是了解為什么中小企業(yè)只在很小程度上使用銀行融資。 多項(xiàng)調(diào)查進(jìn)行，特別是世界銀行強(qiáng)調(diào)，融資是中小企業(yè)良好發(fā)展和成長(zhǎng)的最大障礙之一。在企業(yè)內(nèi)不使用的金融產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)可以分為幾類(lèi) ,其識(shí)別是必要的 ,以便采取必要的措施來(lái)改善他們的融資渠道。 貝克和迪蒙瑞格 克魯特 (2020)指出 ,融資是一個(gè)重要的制約 中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的因素，放松約束對(duì)中小企業(yè)融資和法律制度中發(fā)揮重要作用。 通過(guò)貝克、迪蒙瑞格 克魯特、伊萬(wàn)和馬卡斯莫維奇 (2020)調(diào)查研究，反映了來(lái)自 80個(gè)國(guó)家的 10000家企業(yè)的根本因素主要取決于企業(yè)的融資?；谶@些 ,輕松獲取資金具有的重要性是不難理解的 ,同時(shí)考慮到它可以支持建立新的企業(yè)，創(chuàng)新以及增長(zhǎng)和發(fā)展現(xiàn)有的企業(yè) ,從而促進(jìn)一國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。 中小企業(yè)融資來(lái)源 ：概述 摘要： 本文通過(guò)中小企業(yè)在創(chuàng)造附加值和新的就業(yè)崗位中的貢獻(xiàn) ,使它在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展中擁有一個(gè)顯著的角色。此外，這些企業(yè)通過(guò)他們的活力和靈活性，是創(chuàng)新和發(fā)展的動(dòng)力。無(wú)數(shù)的調(diào)查研究指出 ,融資渠道是 企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)與發(fā)展過(guò)程中的一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的阻礙，特別是在中小企業(yè)。此外，作者還指出，金融和法律制度發(fā)展的進(jìn)程和減少腐敗可以幫助減輕中小企業(yè)面臨的制約。 不同的金融產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)是由供給和需求決定的，訪(fǎng)問(wèn)旨在提供金融產(chǎn)品或提供金融服務(wù)。然而，與大企業(yè)相比，中小企業(yè)在尋求融資面臨著許多困難，這是因?yàn)橐韵聨讉€(gè)原因，包括：不穩(wěn)定和不 完善的司法和立法結(jié)構(gòu)，它不支持需要融資的企業(yè)和資金提供者之間的關(guān)系；部分的資金提供者和企業(yè)信息不完整或者甚至缺乏信息，這妨礙了企業(yè)和資金提供者之間正常和高效的發(fā)展關(guān)系；特別是在年輕的小公司，缺乏信用歷史和擔(dān)保的債權(quán)人，有時(shí)限制了可以利用的金融產(chǎn)品的范圍。 正如我們提到的，使用金融產(chǎn)品是由供給和需求決定的。此外，超過(guò) 61%的中小企業(yè)的企業(yè)家和管理者報(bào)告銀行缺乏透明度 (費(fèi)用隱藏、缺乏溝通渠道等），沒(méi)有真正的協(xié)商（使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的合同、銀行拒絕修改或完成信貸合同等）和銀行不正當(dāng)或?yàn)E用合同條款（例如執(zhí)行未經(jīng)授權(quán)的交易賬戶(hù)或一般銀行詐騙）。 企業(yè)能夠輕松的獲得資金顯得尤為重要，特別是在中小企業(yè)。此外，在經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的情況下，中小企業(yè)有助于恢復(fù)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)，所以扶持中小企業(yè)融資顯得尤為重要。 SECTOR ACCESS TO FINANCE: AN OVERVIEW Roman Angela “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi Faculty of Economics and Business Administration Through their contribution to the creation of added value and new jobs, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have a significant role in the economic and social development of a country. However, these enterprises are facing numerous obstacles that limit their performance, growth and development. Among the difficulties faced by SMEs, the access to finance is often reported as a major obstacle to the deployment and expansion of their activity. The paper aims to highlight the difficulties faced by SMEs in securing financing resources, emphasizing the differences between countries and also between SMEs and large enterprises. Knowing the difficulties in SMEs financing is essential for policy makers in order to design and implement appropriate measures, which will help to improve the access to financing for these enterprises. Thus, another issue addressed, synthetically, in this paper aims the measures taken by public authorities in order to support the access to financing for SMEs. Key words: Small and Medium Enterprises, access to finance, financing constraints, bank financing, support measures JEL code classification: G30, G32, O16 1. Introduction In all countries, small and medium enterprises are a significant source of economic growth and jobs creation. Furthermore, these enterprises, through their dynamism and flexibility, are an engine of innovation and growth. Based on these considerations, it is easy to understand the crucial importance that the easy access to funding has, taking into account that it can support the creation of new businesses, the innovation process as well as the growth and the development of the existing businesses, which in turn boost the economic growth of a country. The paper is structured as follows: the first part contains the introduction remarks regarding theimportance and relevance of the approached theme。 refusal to modify or plete the credit contract, etc.) and unjustified and abusive contractual terms practiced by banks (such as performing unauthorized transactions in accounts and in general bank frauds). The knowledge of these difficulties has a vital importance regarding the need to adopt measures in order to support and improve the SMEs access to finance. Overall, the obstacles in the way of SMEs access to financing are related both to the entrepreneurs and the economic environment as well as to the institutional and regulatory framework (Nicolescu and Nicolescu 2020: 171). Among the obstacles related to entrepreneurs, a series of surveys conducted in various countries, identify: the lack of knowledge regarding the possibilities of obtaining financial resources