【正文】 市場(chǎng)需求的變化作出更好更及時(shí)的反應(yīng)，從而提供更好的客戶服務(wù)。準(zhǔn)時(shí)制考慮到了存貨數(shù)量的大小以及安全存貨量。再者，還可以根據(jù)銷售情況曲線，對(duì)廣告宣傳的效果加以預(yù)測(cè)和監(jiān)測(cè)。經(jīng)銷商給工廠的訂單包括著不僅僅在他們收到的訂單上增加了 16%，而且經(jīng)銷商的庫(kù)存以及經(jīng)銷商和工廠之間的訂單和產(chǎn)品的運(yùn)輸也增加了。 一般認(rèn)為無(wú)論是制造商、批發(fā)商或者零售商，都可能會(huì)使用一些所謂的批發(fā)方法。 顧客喜好的變化和由于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)活動(dòng)引起的變化也可以通過(guò)對(duì)物流分銷系統(tǒng)的密切觀察來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)?；A(chǔ)交易必須謹(jǐn)慎，因?yàn)檫@些交易與可接受的缺貨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)以及衍生而來(lái)的持有和采購(gòu)存貨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)。 從準(zhǔn)時(shí)制生產(chǎn)方式的哲學(xué)角度看，似乎必須將其看作一種行為概念，鼓勵(lì)物流成員之間努力建立一個(gè)高效的物流體系的合作精神。財(cái)務(wù)上，傳 統(tǒng)支持低存貨的觀點(diǎn)將迫使物流分銷管理者改進(jìn)那些產(chǎn)生不符合要求的總成本安排的物流配套程序。根據(jù)建議，提出準(zhǔn)時(shí)制這個(gè)概念，它是指能夠提高營(yíng)銷渠道工作效率的一種日本式的庫(kù)存管理方法 綜合物流這個(gè)概念出現(xiàn)在 20 世紀(jì) 50 年代。 management and workers must do the smoothing .A critical element in the operation of the JustInTime system are the human relationships. Perhaps the most important changes involve management attitudes. In a wide variety of American industries, manufacturers and suppliers are cooperating in an effort to reduce inventories. Manufacturers are offering suppliers improved forecasts of their future needs, and are involving suppliers at an early stage of their research and development process. Both manufacturers and suppliers can respond more quickly to technological and to market changes when they mai ntain smaller inventories. By receiving supplies in smaller and more frequent quantities, a number of panies believe they will be able to avoid costly inventory buildups and can respond more quickly to changes in market demand. Better response to changes in demand results in better service to the customer. Goods move to the ultimate consumer through a myriad of marketing channels. Similar or identical products frequently traverse different petitive routes as they filter through the distribution system. There is continual warfare between different channel structures. Physical distribution interfaces with the channel system by providing supporting services. Applications of modem management techniques can lead to faster response within the channel, with resulting profit improvement. This paper suggests two facets of physical distribution which may afford opportunities to channel managers. Source: , David P .1985. “JustInTime Inventory Control: A Subset of Channel”. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 124133. 譯文 ： 準(zhǔn)時(shí)制庫(kù)存控制：物流管理的集合 物流配送，是分銷渠道中最古老的一個(gè)方面之一，也是歷史上一直被忽視的經(jīng)濟(jì)術(shù)語(yǔ)之一。 physical distribution primarily involves the product flow. However, an effectively administered marketing channel cannot exist without an efficient flow of products through the channel members and to the target customers in the right quantities, at the right times and places. Physical distribution service standards refer to kinds and levels of service to be offered to channel members. A major managerial decision is to arrive at inventory standards offered to channel members at both wholesale and retail levels. In general, inventory control theory deals with the determination of optimal procedures for procuring stocks of modities to meet future demand. The objective is to minimize total inventory costs subject to demand and service constraints. The basic tradeoffs which must be measured are those associated with acceptable stock out risk and the risk derived holding and ordering inventories. A principal function of inventor is its ability to increase profitability through manufacturing and marketing support. The ideal concept of inventory would consist of manufacturing a product to the specifications of a customer after an order is placed. Such a system would not require stockpiles of raw materials or finished goods in anticipation of future sales. Though a zero inventory system is not generally feasible, each dollar invested in inventory should be mitted to achieve a specific objective. A safety sto