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外文翻譯---建筑中的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及建筑材料-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)(完整版)

2025-07-11 09:49上一頁面

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【正文】 e is very versatile。為實(shí)現(xiàn)這些,建筑師必須注意場地各部分的基本使用,空間組織,并應(yīng)用象征手法確定其具體形式。這樣就可以依據(jù)全局設(shè)計(jì)方案,確定并解決各分體系的相互影響以及設(shè)計(jì)難題。如果第一階段和第二階段的設(shè)計(jì)做的深入,那么在最初兩個(gè)階段所得到的總體結(jié)論和最后階段的細(xì)節(jié)的重新設(shè)計(jì)不再是問題。 磚和磚之間是由砂漿或者焦油狀的瀝青或其它粘合物粘結(jié)在一起。例如 ,鋼材在應(yīng)力不斷變化時(shí)所表現(xiàn)出的疲勞強(qiáng)度有所見減小的傾向。因此它們可以在拉力與壓力同時(shí)存在的條件下共同工作。它們已經(jīng)變成能夠抵擋風(fēng)雨并進(jìn)行采光的幕墻了。 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土是鋼筋混凝土的一種改良方式。這種相對(duì)較新的結(jié)構(gòu)方法的利用正在處于不斷發(fā)展之中。另一種更常用的方法是將鋼筋置于與成品構(gòu)件外形相符的模板底部 ,然后在鋼筋周圍澆注混凝土。多年來 ,傳統(tǒng)的連接方法是鉚接。 結(jié)構(gòu)鋼和混凝土的使用是傳統(tǒng)的施工方式產(chǎn)生的主要變化。各 成分含量的不同 , 拌制出的混凝土強(qiáng)度和重量也不同。鋼材 (從根本上說 ,是以鐵為主要成分并含有少量碳元素的合金 ),直到出現(xiàn)能夠限制其特殊用途 (如制造刀 刃 )的費(fèi)勞力的鑄造方法 ,才被鑄造出來。也就是說,主要分體系的性能只須做到一定深度,需要驗(yàn)證他們的基本形式和相互關(guān)系是協(xié)調(diào)一致的。這是工作重點(diǎn)將再次轉(zhuǎn)移,進(jìn)入細(xì)部設(shè)計(jì)。這就要求建筑師或者過問工程是能夠從主要分 體系之間的關(guān)系而不是從構(gòu)建細(xì)節(jié)去構(gòu)思總體結(jié)構(gòu)方案。這是一種復(fù)雜的挑戰(zhàn),為適應(yīng)這一挑戰(zhàn),建筑師需要有一個(gè)分階段的設(shè)計(jì)過程,其至少要分三個(gè)“反饋”考慮階段:方案階段,初步設(shè)計(jì)階段和施工圖設(shè)計(jì)階段。 it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under pression. Thus, the two substances plement each other. They also plement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both pression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tensions will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond─ the force that unites them─ that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid. The adoption of structural steel and reinforced concrete caused major 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 4 changes in traditional construction practices. It was no longer necessary to use thick walls of stone or brick for multistory buildings, and it became much simpler to build fireresistant floors. Both these changes served to reduce the cost of construction. It also became possible to erect buildings with greater heights and longer spans. Since the weight of modern structures is carried by the steel or concrete frame, the walls do not support the building. They have bee curtain walls, which keep out the weather and let in light. In the earlier steel or concrete frame building, the curtain walls were generally made of masonry。這就要求建筑師首先按照基本功能和空間關(guān)系對(duì)一項(xiàng)建筑設(shè)計(jì)首先構(gòu)思并模擬出一個(gè)抽象的建筑物,然后再對(duì)這一抽象的總體空間進(jìn)行深入探究。顧問工程師在這一過程中作用重大,但各細(xì)部的考慮還留有選擇余地。當(dāng)然,整個(gè)實(shí)際過程應(yīng)該是 逐步發(fā)展的過程,從創(chuàng)造和細(xì)化(改進(jìn))總體設(shè)計(jì)概念直到做出精確的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和細(xì)部構(gòu)造。希臘人和羅馬人有時(shí)利用鐵棒或夾鉗來加固他們的建筑。 現(xiàn)代的水泥 (也叫波特蘭水泥 ),發(fā)明于 1824 年?;炷林屑尤脘摻?,可以制成鋼筋混凝土梁或其它鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件以抵抗出現(xiàn)的拉力。在早期的鋼或混凝土框架建筑中 ,幕墻一般由砌塊建成 ,這些砌塊有著和承重墻一樣堅(jiān)實(shí)的外觀。將鋼筋彎成各種形狀 ,河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文) 8 使鋼筋具有一定的拉應(yīng)力。
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