【正文】 Consultants can play a significant part in this effort。 they had the solid look of bearing walls. Today, however, curtain walls are often made of lightweight materials such as glass, aluminum, or plastic, in various binations. Another advance in steel construction is the method of fastening together the beams. For many years the standard method was riveting. A rivet is a bolt with a head that looks like a blunt screw without threads. It is heated, placed in holes through the pieces of steel, and a second head is formed at the other end by hammering it to hold it in place. Riveting has now largely been replaced by welding, the joining together of pieces of steel by melting a steel material between them under high heat. Priestess’s concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strengths. They are then used to priestess concrete, usually by one of two different methods. The first is to leave channels in a concrete beam that correspond to the shapes of the steel rods. When the rods are run through the channels, they are then bonded to the concrete by filling the channels with grout, a thin mortar or binding agent. In the other (and more mon) method, the priestesses steel rods are placed in the lower part of a form that corresponds to the shape of the finished structure, and the concrete is poured around them. Priestess’s concrete uses less steel and less concrete. Because it is a highly desirable material. Progressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern, sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed. 河南理工大學本科畢業(yè)設計（論文） 5 建筑中的結構設計及建筑材料 建筑師必須從一種全局的角度出發(fā)去處理建筑設計中應該考慮到的實用活動，物質及象征性的需求。實際上，我們可以說一個成功的建筑設計師應該具備一種從很多細節(jié)中分辨出更為基本的 內容的能力。在開始勾畫具體的建筑形似時，應考慮基本的場所跳進加以修改。 在初步設計階段，建筑師的重點工作應是詳細化可能成為最終方案的設計，這是建筑師對結構的要求業(yè)轉移到做分體系具體方案的粗略設計上。當然，這些初步設計階段所作的決定仍可以反饋回取使方案概 念進一步改善，或甚至可能有重大變化。此時包括結構工程在內的各個領域的專家的作用將十分突出，應為所有施工的細節(jié)都必須設計出來。 綜上所述：在第一階段，建筑師必須首先用概念的方式來確定基本方案的全部空間形式的可行性。 當然，這些設計的成功來源于建筑材料的發(fā)展與革新。例如 ,在雅典的帕臺農(nóng)神廟的柱子 ,就是由在水中也能變得如石材般堅硬的火山灰建成的。鋼材最大的優(yōu)點就是它的抗拉強度非常高 ,這也就是說 ,當它在我們已知的能拉斷許多材料的一定拉力作用下 ,鋼材不會喪失它的強度。它是一種由石灰石和粘土加熱后碾成粉末的混合物。而鋼材有很高的抗拉強度和混凝土具有很高的抗壓強度 ,因此 ,這兩種材料相互彌補了各自的不足 。混凝土和鋼筋之間形成一種使它們粘結在一起的粘結力 ,這個力使鋼筋在混凝土中不會產(chǎn)生滑移。這些變化都有利于降低施工的費用 ,而且這使建造更高更大的結構變成可能。但是現(xiàn)在 , 幕墻則一般由諸如玻璃 、 鋁、塑料或各種混合材料等輕質材料建成的。在現(xiàn)場施工時 ,鉚釘被加熱 ,穿過剛片間的孔洞 ,在另一端靠錘擊形成另一個頭以使之固定就位。然后它們被用于預應力混凝土 ,這種施工方法有兩種。由于它的這個顯著的經(jīng)濟性 , 預應力混凝土是一種非常理想的材料