【正文】 he traditional planned economy system. Since the adoption of the reform and opening policies in 1978, the traditional planned economy system has been gradually replaced by the market economy in China. A great number of peasants were liberated from traditional cultivation and farming works and organized themselves into ruralvillage enterprises and rural construction teams (RCT). This was closely associated with the rapid economic expansion, which results in high volumes of construction activities and renders China the largest construction market in the world. As at 1999, the proportion of RCT has reached 51%, with that of stateowned enterprises (SOE) at 10%, urban collectiveowned (UCO) at 26%, and others (including publiclisted sharingholding, foreignfunded enterprises) at 13% (see Fig. 2), which represents a great change in the form of ownership of construction enterprises in China. Previous research has revealed that there is a relationship between sizes of firms and accident rates (Hinze and Raboud, 1988). A study by McVittie et al. (1997) indicated that accident rates decrease as the sizes of firms increase. The underlying factors include the degree of planning and organization in large firms versus that of small firms, the presence of inhouse health and safety expertise or resources, the degree of unionization, access to and use of external support services relating to health and safety, levels of government inspection and the effects of economies of scale. Comparing SOEs with RCTs in China, the average numbers of employees are 735 and 150 respectively (China Statistical Yearbook, 2020). However the fatality rate for the former is three times that of the latter (China Construction Statistical Yearbook, 2020). This trend contradicts to the findings of McVittie et al. (1997), representing the exceptional behavior of construction safety in China. The fatality rate for SOEs was per 100,000 workers and for RCTs. This is closely associated with the operational nature of construction firms in China. Almost all Chinese construction firms of different sizes pete for similar jobs in the construction market and manage similar projects, which results in _excessive petition_ and thin profit margins, especially for large SOEs which need to maintain a sizable business turnover. Fig. 2. Categories of construction firms of various ownerships in 1999 In spite of the welldefined roles of the above parties in construction safety, the safety performance on construction sites is still disappointingly poor in China. Occupational accidents have not been effectively prevented. When paring the figures of 1998 and 1999, the serious accidents on construction site had increased by % while the number of fatalities had increased by %. 3. Root causes affecting safety performance There are various factors influencing safety management in the construction industry. These factors can be grouped into people_s role, organization, management, technology, industrial relationship and so on. Due to differences in culture, management and the market structure, these factors have diverse influence on construction safety. The related literature to date on safety management is tabulated in Table 1, based upon a literature search in our libraries. Table 1 Previous researches on safety management 4. Research methodology Based on the above, a questionnaire survey was designed by incorporating 25 factors affecting construction safety. The objective of the survey is to explore the status of construction safety management in China. The survey was conducted in 200 large and mediumsized construction firms listed in the Dictionary of Quality System Certificated Enterprises. As ISO 9000 certified panies have embraced safety management in their quality systems, they should, theoretically, perform better in safety. The results of the survey can be expected, therefore, to give a better picture of safety management than in the average pany. Structured questionnaire surveys and interviews were used to collect the necessary information and data. Questionnaires were sent to the safety representatives including safety inspectors, managers and directors, who were responsible for safety, of the construction firms listed in the Dictionary of ISO 9000 Certified Enterprises. The areas of investigation of the questionnaires are summarized as follows: ? safety management system。 Hinze and Wilson, 2020). As regards construction safety in China, the record is poor in terms of international standards. In 1999, 923 site accidents of Grade IV 1 and above (each accident involves two fatalities。 management training (Gun, 1993。此外，過去對安全的表現(xiàn)、質(zhì)量和管理的態(tài)度應(yīng)包括在內(nèi)。 ?高層管理人員很少出席安全會(huì)議可以看出他們對安全管理有敷衍的態(tài)度 ?只有少數(shù)承建商提供系統(tǒng)的安全培訓(xùn)，大部分（ 68％）的受訪者視為最影響工地意外的因素，而其中一些（ 5％）認(rèn)為工人嚴(yán)重的心理負(fù)擔(dān)是影響安全的因素，這印證了對施工組織管理的消極態(tài)度的看法。 31％的受訪者認(rèn)為，政府應(yīng)該進(jìn)行有效的檢查。最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的態(tài)度在培養(yǎng)良好的安全文化中起著重要的作用（ Seppala， 1995 年）。 現(xiàn)場嚴(yán)重事故的概率 建筑現(xiàn)場表現(xiàn)出其獨(dú)特的危險(xiǎn)特性，例如，工人都擠在一個(gè)重型機(jī)器和設(shè)備高度使用和運(yùn)行在的戶外現(xiàn)場。然而，87％的受訪者認(rèn)為高 層管理人員很少參加安全會(huì)議。作為管理系統(tǒng)的骨干，本手冊定義了安全程序與說明，并規(guī)定了具體的要求。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查是在 200 個(gè)大、中型上市建設(shè)公司的質(zhì)量體系認(rèn)證體系下進(jìn)行的，作為 ISO 9000 認(rèn)證的公司已經(jīng)接受了他們從理論上說的質(zhì)量體系，安全管理，從而可以更好地履行安全。幾乎所有大小不同的中國建筑公司在建筑市場競爭同樣的工作，類似的項(xiàng)目，結(jié)果在存在昂貴的競爭和微薄的利潤及管 理，特別是大型國有企業(yè)，它需要一個(gè)龐大的營業(yè)額來維持其正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。自 1978 年通過的改革開放政策實(shí)施以來，傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制已逐步取代了在中國的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)體制。審計(jì)的范圍包括施工企業(yè)，勞動(dòng)保護(hù)措施，建筑工地的安全隱患，不同省份或主要城市的安全管理制度。在這些重特大事故的死亡率是每 10 萬名工人傷亡 人。哈基寧（ 1995 年）主張高層管理人員的安全管理 1 小時(shí)的培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃。 Jaselskis 和 Suazo， 1994 年） 。影響安全性能的主要 因素包括高層管理人員的安全意識差，缺乏培訓(xùn)，項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的安全意識差，不愿投入資金，缺少安全意識和實(shí)際操作。調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，承包商安全管理的行為表現(xiàn)至關(guān)重要，包括提供個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備，定期安全會(huì)議，安全培訓(xùn)。管理培訓(xùn)（ Gun， 1993 年 。萊蒂寧， Ruohomaki， 1996 年）顯示 ，通過發(fā)布并反饋給目標(biāo)的安全指數(shù)明顯比沒有反饋時(shí)更高。在 1999 年施工總勞動(dòng)人口為 24286000，代表這些等級的 IIV 的每 10萬名工人就有 人嚴(yán)重意外傷亡率。 圖 1 施工安全管理的治理層次 根據(jù)施工安全的有關(guān)法例，如建筑法，施工安全和施工企業(yè)勞動(dòng)保護(hù)法的檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建設(shè)部每年聘請約 50 位安全審核員來開展全國安全審計(jì)中的職 權(quán)。 建筑公司的所有權(quán)類型 在中國，所有的大型施工企業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的國有機(jī)構(gòu)。國有企業(yè)的死亡率是每 10 萬人和 和 的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)，這與建筑公