外文翻譯---建筑中的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及建筑材料-建筑結(jié)構(gòu)(存儲(chǔ)版)
【正文】 of his or her more promising schematic design options .Here the architect’s structural needs will shift to approximate design of specific subsystem options. At this stage the total structural scheme is developed to a 河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 2 middle level of specificity by focusing on identification and design of major subsystems to the extent that their key geometric, ponent, and interactive properties are established .Basic subsystem interaction and design conflicts can thus be identified and resolved in the context of totalsystem objectives. Consultants can play a significant part in this effort。 概念構(gòu)思階段的任務(wù)時(shí)提出和斟酌全局場(chǎng)地規(guī)劃，活動(dòng)相互作用及房屋形式方案。在這一階段應(yīng)該完成對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)布置的中等程度的確定，重點(diǎn)論證和設(shè)計(jì)主要分體系已確定它們的主要幾何尺寸，構(gòu)件和相互關(guān)系。這一階段的決定，可能會(huì)反饋到第二階段并導(dǎo)致一些變化。 早期的建筑材料主要是木材和砌塊 ,如磚塊 、 石材或瓦片及其它類似的材料 。新的合金河南理工大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文） 7 元素的加入 ,大大增加了鋼材的強(qiáng)度 ,并消除的它的一些缺點(diǎn)。 鋼筋和混凝土也在以另一種方式互補(bǔ) ,就是它們幾乎有著相同的收縮率和膨脹率。 現(xiàn)代建筑物的重量由鋼或混凝土框架來承受 ,因此墻體不再做承重墻?，F(xiàn)在鉚接大多已經(jīng)被焊接取代 ,焊接是一種通過在高溫下鋼材使它們連接在一起的連接方式。 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土使建造特殊形狀的建筑物成為可能 ,如一些具有不受任何支撐物阻擋視線的大空間的現(xiàn)代體育競(jìng)技場(chǎng)。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土用鋼量和用混凝土量都比較少。鉚釘是一種有一頭看起來像沒有螺紋的圓頭螺絲釘。它使人們?cè)诮ㄔ於鄬咏ㄖr(shí) ,不再必須使用以石材或磚砌筑的厚墻了 ,并且也使建造一個(gè)防火地面變得簡(jiǎn)單多了?；炷翍?yīng)用十分廣泛 ,它可以澆筑、泵送甚至噴射成所有形狀。在 1856 年貝塞麥煉鋼法出現(xiàn)之后 ,鋼材就以較低的價(jià)格大量供應(yīng)。這需要與工程師進(jìn)行更加詳細(xì)與明確的合作；在第三階段，建筑師和專業(yè)人員必須繼續(xù)合作 完成所有構(gòu)件的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)，并制定良好的施工文件。在這一階段將重點(diǎn)完善各分體系的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)。這種能夠易于反饋以改進(jìn)空間形式方案。 這樣的分階段涉及是必需的，它可使設(shè)計(jì)者避免受很多細(xì)節(jié)的困惑，而這些細(xì)節(jié)往往會(huì)干擾設(shè)計(jì)者的基本思路。 these preliminarylevel decisions may also result in feedback that calls for refinement or even major change in schematic concepts. When the designer and the client are satisfied with the feasibility of a design proposal at the preliminary level, it means that the basic problems of overall design are solved and details are not likely to produce major change .The focus shifts again ,and the design process moves into the final level .At this stage the emphasis will be on the detailed development of all subsystem specifics . Here the role of specialists from various fields, including structural engineering, is much larger, since all detail of the preliminary design must be worked out. Decisions made at this level may produce feedback into Level II that will result in changes. However, if Levels I and II are handled with insight, the relationship between the overall decisions, made at the schematic and preliminary levels, and the specifics of the final level should be such that gross redesign is not in question, Rather, the entire process should be one of moving in an evolutionary fashion from creation and refinement (or modification) of the more general properties of a totalsystem design concept, to the fleshing out of requisite elements and details.
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