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lso use high dividends and high debt levels as signals for the good performance of the pany (Ross, 1977). A firm39。s financing decisions. Intuitively, it is clear that the firm39。 Cloyd, Limberg, amp。s level of fixed assets should be associated positively with leverage as high levels of such assets can be used as collateral for loans (Friend amp。 Sorensen, 1986。 Majluf, 1984) contends that because of transaction costs and information asymmetry, firms finance new investments first with retained earnings, then successively with safe debt, risky debt and finally with equity. According to this pecking order model, more profitable firms should have lower leverage and lower shortterm, but not longterm, payout controlling for investment opportunities. In a simple version of the pecking order model, firms with high investment and growth opportunities are predicted to have high leverage (on the condition that investment is more than the internal capital). In a more plex version of pecking order model, firms with high investment and growth opportunity will carry low leverage taking into consideration current as well as future financing costs. In contrast with the agency theory of free cash flow, Myers and Majluf (1984) predict that leverage decreases with the higher level of free cash flow. Pecking order theory also predicts that firms with high future growth opportunities should pay out lower dividends. ShyamSunder and Myers (1999) introduce a funding deficit model to test the pecking order hypothesis of firm39。 Malitz, 1985). Funding deficit (FundDef) is a measure of agency costs. According to ShyamSunder and Myers (1999), the funding deficit is: FundDeft = DIVt + Xt + Δ Wt + Rt?Ct : Where, Ct operating cash flow, after interest and taxes DIVt dividend payments Xt capital expenditures Δ Wt increase in working capital Rt current portion of longterm debt The agency issue in dividend payout decisions is similar to capital structure decisions in the presence of agency costs. Agency costs predict a positive relation between firm39。 Sorensen, 1986). Jensen etal. (1992), Noronha etal. (1996), Kwok and Reeb (2020), and Bathala, Moon, and Rao (1994) also take into account NDTS as a determinant of leverage. As Graham (2020) notes, firm size has a negative influence on debt ratios. The natural log of total asset (Lsize) is the measure of firm size. Industry dummies are also added to control for variations across industries. Thus, we have the following variables: (a) Dependent variables: Leverage [Leverage=LTD/(LTD+MVE)] DivPO [dividend payout ratio] (b) Independent variables: Fsale (foreign sales ratio as a measure of degree of multinational) M (distinguishing MNCs from DCs and =1 if Fsale 20% and =0,otherwise) BusRisk: business risk Beta: firm39。具有較高的經營杠桿企業(yè)面臨更高的破產概率,并應具有較低的財務杠桿。 因此,權衡理論認為一個杠桿和破產成本之間負相關關系和企業(yè)之間的杠桿和邊際稅率正相關 關系 (朗斯福 , 1995; 克洛伊德 , 林博 和羅賓遜 , 1997) 。在 詹森和麥克林( 1976),詹森( 1986) 的代理模式 中 , 股息和債務有助于控制過度投資的代理成本是否有管理人員和股東之間的利益沖突。 與 自由現金流代理理論 相比 , 梅耶斯和麥吉拉夫 (1984)預測, 降低較多的自由現金流 。此外,鑒于 啄食順序理論的實證證據支持,企業(yè)的負債水平應與現金流量 和 股利政策 相關 。他們發(fā)現,所有樣本股票的公司股 利支付率顯著高于公司的杠對照組。 由于簡短的回顧表明,資本結構和股利政策的決定可能會在實踐中同時進行。公司 在 研發(fā)和廣告費用的 代理 也是 代理成本 的長期唯一性,因為外部 的利益相關者面臨更大的花費時的監(jiān)測, 投資更多的無形資產為這些投資導致投資不足的問題和代理成本 (隆 和 瑪麗茲 , 1985) 。融資 優(yōu)序 理論顯示,更多的盈利企業(yè) 應該有較低的 財務 杠桿和較低的支付控制投資機會和公司 較 高的未來增長要為此付出較低股利的機會。經驗 )/銷售總額 NDTS: 非負債稅盾, (折舊攤銷 )/銷售 + 稅率 FundDef: 資金赤字 Lsize: 日常 銷售 記錄 總額作為衡量的大小。公司的固定資產水平應該伴隨著更高的 經 營杠桿,高水平的該資產可作為抵押貸款 ( 郎 和 佛 雷德, 1988;隆和瑪麗茲, 1985) 。根據 希亞姆 和 梅耶斯 ( 1999) ,資金赤字是: FundDeft=DIVt+Xt+ΔWt+Rt?Ct: Ct 營運現金流量,利息和稅款 DIVt 股利發(fā)放 Xt 資本支出 ΔWt 凈營運資本 Rt 目前長期債務的部分 代理問題與派息決定資本結構決策的代理成本。 基于對資本結構和股利政策的理論和實證證據,我們列舉 的債務估計,股息和 跨國 關系之間的特定變量。正如有關派息政策 阿倫和麥克瓦( 2020) 全面的調查指出, 企業(yè)可能不想 支 付 高股息 當 他們支付其他固定資產融資費 時 。 有此股息和資本結構之間的相互依存關系相當多的證據。 希亞姆 和梅耶斯( 1999) 引入資金赤字模型來檢驗企業(yè)的資本結構啄食 理論 假說。根據 羅斯( 1977) 的信號假說,具有高盈利的公司也將付出昂貴的可信的信 息 作為 多分紅。 、 代理成本