【正文】 logy survey can be used to monitor the potential ground fissure hazard. To monitor and find where the maximum gradient curvature in subsidence profiles will help to predict the location of the fissures, while to monitor and judge the tendency of the creeping rate will help to predict the critical time of the hazard. Repeated leveling of closely spaced bench marks can be used to anticipate the locations of zones potentially susceptible to fissuring. In addition to vertical surveys, horizontal surveys can also be used to identify zones of extension. GIS and GPS have been used in ground fissure monitoring in Arizona (Sandoval. Bartlett. 1991). 5 (3) Consulting groundwater extraction in the near future. It has been found that the main displacement of ground fissures is caused by differential impaction. For example, the average ratio of subsidence (in the subsidence centers) rate to ground fissure creeping rate and to active fault movement is 100:10:1， 90% displacement is formed by differential impaction in Xi39。但是現(xiàn)代 20 世紀(jì)的地裂縫則是由人類和自然共同作用的結(jié)果。 中國(guó)地裂縫的特點(diǎn) 地裂縫在美國(guó)被稱為地球裂縫，在中國(guó)被稱為拉伸裂縫。通常，一面向下沉，一面則相對(duì)上升。包括七個(gè)?。汉颖?，山西，陜西，江蘇，山東和安徽。十條地裂縫分布在西安地區(qū)（如圖 4），總長(zhǎng)達(dá) 72 公里，覆蓋面積為 155 平方千米。 地裂縫災(zāi)害的治理 1 地裂縫災(zāi)害預(yù)防 根據(jù)地裂縫的特征，地質(zhì)環(huán)境和地質(zhì)構(gòu)造機(jī)制，地裂縫災(zāi)害是可以預(yù)防的，這種預(yù)防由三部分組成： (1）勘察調(diào)查 ：當(dāng)前的地裂縫分布于斷裂層，潛在斷裂層和未被調(diào)查的地表表層下。運(yùn)用“ GIS”、“ GPS”技術(shù)建立地裂縫、地面沉降與地下水動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù) ,掌握動(dòng)態(tài)變化規(guī)律 ,定期發(fā)出預(yù)報(bào)和預(yù)警 ,提出防災(zāi)建議 ,為政府減災(zāi)防災(zāi)及城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供決 策依據(jù)和技術(shù)支持。第二時(shí)期的地下水提供措施將在不久的將來完成。有計(jì)劃的合理節(jié)制地下水資源的開采 ,是控制地面沉降 ,進(jìn)而緩解地裂縫的最有效途徑。市區(qū)內(nèi) 10 條地裂縫帶基本具有三維運(yùn)動(dòng)的一致性 , 以垂直位移量為最大 ,南北拉張量次之 ,而水平錯(cuò)動(dòng)量則很小 .再次，建立地質(zhì)災(zāi)害高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)土地利用模式 ,合理利用城市土地資源 ,科學(xué)規(guī)劃重要建設(shè)項(xiàng)目 ,使城市總體建設(shè)布局適應(yīng)自然地質(zhì)環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的需要。破壞了不同種類的坐落在地裂縫上的建筑物。 汾 渭盆地是由汾河盆地和渭河盆地構(gòu)成，這里發(fā)生過地震，破壞嚴(yán)重，目前地震活動(dòng)仍然非常強(qiáng)烈。在中國(guó)這種地裂縫的特點(diǎn)非常特別。那些裂縫通常并不是很深，大概在 5～ 30m 范圍內(nèi)，裂縫的在地層表面的寬度大概在 2～ 50cm，且越深越窄。陡坡變得越來越高了。有很多種地裂縫：構(gòu)造地裂縫，包括斷裂裂縫，地震裂縫，火山裂縫；滑崩裂縫，包括山崩裂縫，地礦地裂縫。 slipcollapse fissures, including landslide fissures, mining fissures. Ground fissures have long history in China. The earliest ground fissures were recorded about five thousand years ago, “Ground fissures occurred before Yellow Emperor passed” (Taiping Yulan, the 880th).Those ancient ground fissures were pure natural ground fissures .However, the modern ground fissures have been caused by both natural and manmade genesis since the beginning of 20th century and occurred only tens of years. Hist