【正文】 nvironmental regulations bee stricter, industrial heat pumps can bee an important technology to reduce emissions, improve efficiency, and limit the use of ground water for cooling To ensure the sound application of heat pumps in industry, processes should be optimised and integrated. Through process integration improved energy efficiency is achieved by thermodynamically optimising total industrial processes. An important instrument for process integration is pinch analysis, a technology to characterise process heat streams and identify possibilities for heat recovery. Such possibilities may include improved heat exchanger works, cogeneration and heat pumps. Pinch analysis is especially powerful for large, plex processes with multiple operations, and is an excellent instrument to identify sound heat pump opportunities. Industrial applications show a great variation in the type of drive energy, heat pump size, operating conditions, heat sources and the type of application. The heat pump units are generally designed for a specific application, and are therefore unique. The major types of industrial heat pumps are: o Mechanical vapour repression systems (MVRs), classified as open or semiopen heat pumps. In open systems, vapour from an industrial process is pressed to a higher pressure and thus a higher temperature, and condensed in the same process giving off heat. In semiopen systems, heat 第 2 頁 from the repressed vapour is transferred to the process via a heat exchanger. Because one or two heat exchangers are eliminated (evaporator and/or condenser) and the temperature lift is generally small, the performance of MVR systems is high, with typical coefficients of performance (COPs) of 10 to 30. Current MVR systems work with heatsource temperatures from 7080 篊 , and deliver heat between 110 and 150 篊 , in some cases up to 200 篊 . Water is the most mon 39。 o distillation。 low temperature (modern) 30 45 Hydronic systems radiators 45 55 High temperature (conventional) radiators 60 90 District heating hot water 70 100 District heating District heating hot water/steam 100 180 第 8 頁 Cooled air 10 15 Space cooling Chilled water 5 15 District cooling 5 8 Because a heat pump operates most effectively when the temperature difference between the heat source and heat sink (distribution system) is small, the heat distribution temperature for space heating heat pumps should be kept as low as possible during the heating season. Table 2 shows typical COPs for a watertowater heat pump operating in various heat distribution systems. The temperature of the heat source is 5176。擠壓分析是綜合處理中的一種重要的方法，這種技術能表現(xiàn)出處理熱的趨勢和鑒定熱回收的可行性，可行性包括改善熱交換網(wǎng)絡和熱泵。通用的MVR 系統(tǒng)的工作熱源溫度在 70～ 80oC，釋放的熱量在 110～ 150 oC，在特定情況下能達到 200 oC。 ? 熱交換器 （Ⅱ型）和吸收式熱泵的組成部分和工作原理是一樣的，都通過熱交換器，實質上不需要外部的驅動能?？諝馔ㄟ^發(fā)生器得以冷卻，溶劑被冷凝和被回收。這種方式主要被閉式壓縮電熱泵運用。 ? 干燥處理： 熱泵被廣泛應用在低溫和適溫（最大 100oC）的工業(yè)蒸餾和干燥過程中。絕大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)是開式或半開式 MVRs,但是閉式壓縮熱泵也可以運用其中。當只需要熱水，不需要熱空氣和冷水時，可以使用換熱器和冷凝器來進行加熱。下面這一段介紹用在建筑中的供熱，制冷的型式。 低溫 (普通 ) 30 45 水系統(tǒng) 散熱器 45 55 高溫 （傳統(tǒng)的） 散熱器 60 90 區(qū)域供熱 –高溫水 70 100 區(qū)域供熱 區(qū)域供熱 –高溫水、蒸汽 100 180 冷卻空氣 10 15 Space cooling 冷卻水 5