【正文】 00oC 的溫度范圍的低、中和高壓蒸汽。 最普通類型的熱泵是可逆的空氣 空氣熱泵，它既可以用來(lái)供熱又能用于制冷。傳統(tǒng)的散熱器型式的系統(tǒng)要 第 13 頁(yè) 求的高溫通常在 6090 在4555 oC， 3045 oC 用在屋面供熱。 表格 1: 各種冷熱分配系統(tǒng)的傳熱溫度 . 應(yīng)用 溫度范圍 (176。 ? 混合式熱泵，提供熱空氣、冷水、熱水，并且同時(shí)重新獲得耗盡的熱空氣。在此情況下開(kāi)式和半開(kāi)式MVR 系統(tǒng)。 ? 布雷 頓熱泵循環(huán) 可以在許多過(guò)程中的蒸汽中回收溶劑。在半開(kāi)式系統(tǒng)中，來(lái)自壓縮蒸汽的熱量被傳遞到一個(gè)熱交換機(jī)中。C is typical for floor heating systems. Table 1 summarises typical temperature requirements for various heat and cold distribution systems. Table 1: Typical delivery temperatures for various heat and cold distribution systems. Application Supply temperature range (176。working fluid39。C, and the heat pump Carnot efficiency is 50%. Table 2: Example of how the COP of a watertowater heat pump varies with the distribution/return temperature. Heat distribution system (supply/return temperature) COP Conventional radiators (60/50176。水是最普通的“工作流體”（即壓縮過(guò)程蒸汽），雖然在另一些過(guò)程蒸汽也被用，特別是在化學(xué)工業(yè)中最為明顯。然后再把溶劑在渦輪機(jī)里膨脹（傳統(tǒng)的制冷，冷凝和溶劑回收的綜合），使渦輪機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)壓縮機(jī)。主要的應(yīng)用有紙漿和紙張的干燥，各種食品生產(chǎn)，木制品和木料。 ? 熱泵的的水加熱 器，充分的對(duì)水加熱。 表格 2：一個(gè)水 水熱泵的 COP 值怎樣隨熱泵的供、回水溫度而改變的。 2）冷熱分配系統(tǒng) 在日本和美國(guó)，熱泵已經(jīng)形成了成熟的市場(chǎng)，而在這成熟的熱泵市場(chǎng)中，空氣是最普通的交換介質(zhì)。低溫升使得有 6～ 30 的 COPs 范圍的高性能。 ? 過(guò)程處理的供熱和制冷： 許多工業(yè)需要保持一個(gè) 40～ 90oC 的處理水，并且為了滿足洗滌、公共衛(wèi)生和清潔要求，常有一個(gè)即制冷又供熱的綜合的系統(tǒng)的一部分。中間溫度（即在要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之間）的廢熱可以用來(lái)提供給蒸發(fā)器和發(fā)生器。擠壓式分析對(duì)大型復(fù)雜的綜合控制過(guò)程是特別有效的，并且 是一種一個(gè)挑選適合的熱泵的機(jī)會(huì)。 o concentration. When heat pumps are used in drying, evaporation and distillation processes, heat is recycled within the process. For space heating, heating of process streams and steam production, heat pumps utilise (waste) heat sources between 20 篊 and 100 篊 . The most mon waste heat streams in industry are cooling water, effluent, condensate, moisture, and condenser heat from refrigeration plants. Because of the fluctuation in waste heat supply, it can be necessary to use large storage tanks for accumulation to ensure stable operation of the heat pump. o Space heating: Heat pumps can utilise conventional heat sources for heating of greenhouses and industrial buildings, or they can recover industrial waste heat that could 第 4 頁(yè) not be used directly, and provide a low to medium temperature heat that can be utilised internally or externally for space heating. Mainly electric closedcycle pression heat pumps are used. o Process water heating and cooling: Many industries need warm process water in the temperature range from 4090 篊 , and often have a significant hot water demand in the same temperature range for washing, sanitation and cleaning purposes. This can be met by heat pumps. Heat pumps can also be a part of an integrated system that provides both cooling and heating. Mainly electric closedcycle pression heat pumps are installed, but a few absorption heat pumps and heat transformers are also in use. o Steam production: Industry consumes vast amounts of low, medium and highpressure steam in the temperature range from 100200 篊 . Steam is used directly in industrial processes, and for heat distribution. Current high temperature heat pumps can produce steam up to 150 篊 (a heat pump prototype has achieved 300 篊 ). Both open and semiopen MVR systems, closedcycle pression heat pumps, cascade (bination) systems and a few heat transformers are in