【正文】 第 1 頁 外文翻譯 The Applications of Heat pumps pumps in industry 1). Systems Relatively few heat pumps are currently installed in industry. However, as environmental regulations bee stricter, industrial heat pumps can bee an important technology to reduce emissions, improve efficiency, and limit the use of ground water for cooling To ensure the sound application of heat pumps in industry, processes should be optimised and integrated. Through process integration improved energy efficiency is achieved by thermodynamically optimising total industrial processes. An important instrument for process integration is pinch analysis, a technology to characterise process heat streams and identify possibilities for heat recovery. Such possibilities may include improved heat exchanger works, cogeneration and heat pumps. Pinch analysis is especially powerful for large, plex processes with multiple operations, and is an excellent instrument to identify sound heat pump opportunities. Industrial applications show a great variation in the type of drive energy, heat pump size, operating conditions, heat sources and the type of application. The heat pump units are generally designed for a specific application, and are therefore unique. The major types of industrial heat pumps are: o Mechanical vapour repression systems (MVRs), classified as open or semiopen heat pumps. In open systems, vapour from an industrial process is pressed to a higher pressure and thus a higher temperature, and condensed in the same process giving off heat. In semiopen systems, heat 第 2 頁 from the repressed vapour is transferred to the process via a heat exchanger. Because one or two heat exchangers are eliminated (evaporator and/or condenser) and the temperature lift is generally small, the performance of MVR systems is high, with typical coefficients of performance (COPs) of 10 to 30. Current MVR systems work with heatsource temperatures from 7080 篊 , and deliver heat between 110 and 150 篊 , in some cases up to 200 篊 . Water is the most mon 39。working fluid39。 (. repressed process vapour), although other process vapours are also used, notably in the (petro) chemical industry. o Closedcycle pression heat pumps are described in the section Heat pump technology . Currently applied working fluids limit the maximum output temperature to 120 篊 . o Absorption heat pumps (Type I) are not widely used in industrial applications. Some have been realised to recover heat from refuse incineration plants, notably in Sweden and Denmark. Current systems with water/lithium bromide as working pair achieve an output temperature of 100篊 and a temperature lift of 65 篊 . The COP typically ranges from to . The new generation of advanced absorption heat pump systems will have higher output temperatures (up to 260 篊 ) and higher temperature lifts. o Heat transformers (Type II) have the same main ponents and working principle as absorption heat pumps. With a heat transformer waste heat can be upgraded, virtually without the use of external drive energy. Waste heat of a medium temperature (. between the demand level and the environmental level) is supplied to the eva