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皮膜,用注射器取樣;把可移動(dòng)的完全密封型的球形箱與取樣管連接,在此箱中取樣等。取樣后對(duì)樣品管道滅菌時(shí),未滅菌的培養(yǎng)液污水被排至排水管內(nèi)。因此,問(wèn)題在于攪拌軸是由罐的上部還是下部通入。這樣一來(lái),即便正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),培養(yǎng)液也會(huì)一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地滲入密封面,很有可能經(jīng)此流出。后者主要用于氣體過(guò)濾,其原理與膜濾器不同,無(wú)篩網(wǎng)的效果,而是通過(guò)靜電吸附、慣性沖撞等作用捕集氣體中的粒子。C 時(shí),均末在膜濾器上檢出大腸桿菌和酵母菌。用電熱器對(duì)排氣進(jìn)行加熱時(shí),在電熱器出口處的排氣溫度被控制在 200176。由此可見(jiàn),雖然培養(yǎng)液中菌體濃度相差很大,但大腸桿菌和酵母菌仍以幾乎相同程度從排氣中漏出,并不取決于菌體個(gè)體的大小。歸納起來(lái)有: (1)排氣, (2)機(jī)械密封, (3)接種, (4)取樣, (5)培養(yǎng)后的滅 菌 (通入濕熱蒸氣 ),(6) 排液 (輸至下一工序 )。 一、培養(yǎng)裝置 作為基因重組體的培養(yǎng)裝置,與一直沿用的通氣攪拌培養(yǎng)罐要有區(qū)別,即不僅要防止外部微生物侵入罐內(nèi),還必須采用不使培養(yǎng)物外漏的培養(yǎng)裝置。 此外,當(dāng)質(zhì)??截悢?shù)與某些化合物有關(guān)時(shí),亦可采取添加或去除相應(yīng)化合物的雙階段連續(xù)過(guò)濾培養(yǎng)法以提高拷貝數(shù)和表達(dá)效率。而在有選擇壓力下,則可獲得穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)。為此考慮采用抗生素依賴(lài)性變異法替代抗生素添加法。根據(jù)這些結(jié)果采用枯草桿菌不太合適,除非其具有產(chǎn)物的高效分泌系統(tǒng)。由此可見(jiàn),在基因工程細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過(guò)程,除 — 般培養(yǎng)條件外,必需考慮基因工程細(xì)胞的自身特點(diǎn),確定最佳培養(yǎng)條件。 二、基因工程細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)特點(diǎn) 前已述及,基因工程細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過(guò)程與培養(yǎng)方式與天然細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過(guò)程或方式基本— 致。密封程度分為 P P P3 和 P4 級(jí),數(shù)字越大,密封水平越高。這些菌能間接地危害人體健康,使治療藥物失去效用,污染環(huán)境等。 4,代謝控制容易進(jìn)行。這些信使中包含了該細(xì)胞內(nèi)表達(dá)的所有蛋白質(zhì)的合成信息。理想的運(yùn)載體是質(zhì)粒,因?yàn)橘|(zhì)粒能自由進(jìn)出細(xì)菌細(xì)胞,應(yīng)當(dāng)用 “分子剪刀 ”把它切開(kāi),再給它安裝上一段外來(lái)的 DNA 片段后,它依然如故地能自我復(fù)制。自 70 年代以來(lái),人們已經(jīng)分離提取了 400 多種 “分子剪刀 ”。 DNA 分子很小,其直徑只有 20 埃,約相當(dāng)于五百萬(wàn)分之一厘米,在它們身上進(jìn)行 “手術(shù) ”是非常困難的,因此基因工程實(shí)際上是一種 “ 超級(jí)顯微工程 ” ,對(duì) DNA 的切割、縫合與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),必須有特殊的工具。它不僅為我們提供了一種極為有效的菌種改良技術(shù)和手段,也為攻克醫(yī)學(xué)上的疑難雜癥 —— 癌、遺傳病及艾滋病的深入研究和最后的治愈提供了可能;為農(nóng)業(yè)的第三次革命提供了基礎(chǔ);為深入探索生命的奧秘提供了有力的手段。而固定化顆粒的物理性能,使得兩種細(xì)胞間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)被極大地降低。固定化細(xì)胞技術(shù)在處理氨氮廢水中的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)在于可通過(guò)高濃度的固定細(xì)胞,提高硝化和反硝化速度,同時(shí)還可以使在反硝化過(guò)程低溫時(shí)易失活的反硝化菌保持較高活性。而采用固定化細(xì)胞技術(shù),由于生長(zhǎng)被抑制,因而不會(huì)影響氧的傳遞。 第四節(jié) 固定化細(xì)胞反應(yīng)器 一、固定化細(xì)胞反應(yīng)器的優(yōu)點(diǎn) A higher cell concentration in the immobilised bioreactor prevents the microbial population from pletely washing out. 固定化細(xì)胞反應(yīng)器具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn): 1,在固定化細(xì)胞反應(yīng)器中采 用高稀釋率有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn): 2,生產(chǎn)強(qiáng)度、轉(zhuǎn)化率高; 3,與衡化器相比,固定化細(xì)胞反應(yīng)器具有更好的穩(wěn)定性; 4,節(jié)省投資和能耗。但這類(lèi)方法只適用于小分子底物。包埋法可以分為: 1,微膠囊法:利用半透性聚合物薄膜將細(xì)胞包裹起來(lái),形成微型膠囊; 2,凝膠包埋法:是在無(wú)菌條件下,將生物細(xì)胞和膠溶液混合在一起,然后再經(jīng)過(guò)相應(yīng)的造粒處理,形成直徑為 14mm的膠粒。該法操作簡(jiǎn)單,固定化過(guò)程對(duì)細(xì)胞活性影響小。 2,按細(xì)胞的生理狀態(tài)不同分為兩大類(lèi): ( 1)死細(xì)胞:包括完整細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞碎片、細(xì)胞器。是在酶固定化基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的一項(xiàng)技術(shù)。適用于多酶反應(yīng),特別是需要輔酶的反應(yīng)。用該法制備的固定化細(xì)胞一般為死細(xì)胞。但操作穩(wěn)定性差。 二、性質(zhì) 1,最適 pH 細(xì)胞經(jīng)固定化后,其最適 pH 因固定化方法不同而有一些調(diào)整。 thus minimising cell removal from the fermenter Cell recycle system Cell recycle is used in activated sludge systems. A portion of the cells are separated in a settling tank and returned to the activated sludge fermenter. Biomass recycling for product or biomass production is more difficult due to the need for maintaining sterility during cell separation. Centrifugation w hich is a faster process than settling would be used to separate the cells. Biomass recycle systems can be easily modelled. 固定床反應(yīng)器( Fixed bed reactors ) In fixed bed fermenters, the cells are immobilized by absorption on or entrapment in solid, nonmoving solid surfaces. In one type of fixed bed fermenter, the cells are immobilized on the surfaces of immobile solid particles such as plastic blocks, concrete blocks, wood shavings or fibrous material such as plastic or glass wool. Fixed bed reactors The liquid feed is either pumped through or allowed to trickle over the surface of the solids where the immobilized cells convert the substrates into products. Once steady state has been reached there will be a continuous cell loss from the solid surfaces. These types of fermenters are widely used in waste treatment In other types of fixedbed fermenters, the cells are immobilized in solidified gels such as agar or carrageenin In these fermenters, the cells are physically trapped inside the pores of the gels and thus giving better cell retention and a large effective surface area for cell entrapment. In order to increase the surface area for cell immobilization, some researchers have investigated the use of hollow fibres and pleated membranes as immobilization surfaces. Industrial applications of fixed bed reactors include waste water treatment, production of enzymes and amino acids, and steroid transformations One advantage fixed bed reactors is that nongrowing cells can be used. In such systems, the cells enzymatically act on substrates in the feed. The cells can be either inactiva