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RA 55 Scenarios 方案 Different scenarios may also reflect different possibilities for production, processing, distriburion preparation and use. 不同的方案反映了生產(chǎn)、加工、輸送、制備和食用的不同可能 The outes of these scenarios may the Risk Managers in selecting the most (cost) effective control measure(s). 得到的結(jié)果可以幫助風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理者選擇最有效的控制措施。 在食品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析三個(gè)組成部分中,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估是整個(gè)食品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析體系的核心和基礎(chǔ)。 MRA 7 思考: 試圖預(yù)測如果采?。ɑ蛘卟徊扇。┠撤N做法會(huì)產(chǎn)生怎樣的后果。 也就是說,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以通過運(yùn)用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析原理進(jìn)行控制。 MRA 18 進(jìn)入 WTO之后,我國產(chǎn)品批批檢驗(yàn)的管理模式已經(jīng)落后 基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析的 CAC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已變成強(qiáng)制性的 MRA 19 食品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析已被認(rèn)為是制定食品安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)?!白畈畎咐钡姆桨甘且浴鞍踩吘墶睘槟繕?biāo)。 MRA 45 Issues in Exposure Assessment 暴露評估中的問題 ?Available data and models on inactivation and / or growth of pathogens do not apply across the whole food chain up to the point of consumption 有關(guān)失活的或生長的病菌的可用數(shù)據(jù)和模型不能代表整個(gè)食品鏈(最終到食用) MRA 46 Issues in Exposure Assessment 暴露評估中的問題 ? Recontamination after production or preparation often not considered 經(jīng)常不考慮生產(chǎn)和制備過程中的再污染 ? Uncertainty and variability in data and models are often not transparent 不能明確數(shù)據(jù)和模型的不確定性和可變性 MRA 47 The quantitative and/or qualitative estimation of the probability of occurrence and severity of defined adverse health effects in a given population due to the consumption of a certain pathogen / food bination 特定人群食用了含病菌食品后,定量、定性估計(jì)產(chǎn)生不利影響的的可能性及其嚴(yán)重程度 Risk Characterisation (1) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征( 1) Purpose目的 MRA 48 Risk Characterization (2) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征( 2) Estimated number of cases of a certain illness per year per persons in a given population caused by a certain microanism (or number of microanisms) in a certain food 測定特定人群由特定食物中特定微生物引起的特定疾病的每年每 10萬人的發(fā)病次數(shù) Should include attendant uncertainties 應(yīng)包括服務(wù)員的不確定性 Risk Estimate for a food 某種食品的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)估計(jì) MRA 49 ? Define microanism and its virulence 定義微生物及其毒性 ? Define target consumer group and effect 定義目標(biāo)消費(fèi)群和影響 ? Determine fate of microanism during production, distribution, preparation use 測定微生物在生產(chǎn)、運(yùn)輸、制備和食用過程中的命運(yùn) Calculation of Risk Estimate 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)估計(jì)的計(jì)算 MRA 50 ? Determine consumption habits 測定消費(fèi)習(xí)慣 ? Use specific doseresponse data 使用特定的劑量 反應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù) ? Calculate risk estimate with attendant uncertainties (assumptions specified!) 用伴隨物的不確定性(特殊的消費(fèi))計(jì)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估 Calculation of Risk Estimate 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估的計(jì)算 MRA 51 Exemples of risk estimate 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)估計(jì)的例子 00 ,0 50 ,10 ,1 50 ,20 ,2 51211109 8 7 6 5 4l o g10 ( r i s k / s e r v i n g )probabilityMRA 52 Variability 可變性 Variability is a property of nature, the diversity of things. Cannot be reduced through further study or additional measurements. 可變性是自然天性,體現(xiàn)了事件的多樣性。 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)交流應(yīng)當(dāng)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和控制的目標(biāo)相一致 MRA 13 危害識(shí)別 暴露評估 危害特征描述 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征描述 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估過程的四個(gè)步驟 MRA 14 Risk Analysis (and Control) according to Codex 基于法典的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析(和控制) Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Policy 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)定義,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估政策 Exposure Assessment 暴露評估 Risk Characterization 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)特征 Option Implementation 選擇性實(shí)施 Option Assessment 選擇性評估 Monitoring Review 監(jiān)控和回顧 Risk Evaluation 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價(jià) Risk Communication 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信息 Risk Management 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)處理 Risk Assessm