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【正文】 本公司 2023年及以前年度計提壞賬時未考慮以上因素,故本年在核銷 XX電器有限公司、 XX有限責(zé)任公司應(yīng)收賬款時對上述壞賬準(zhǔn)備進行了更正 – Note: Audit report for 2023 dated March 2023, what are the implications? Subsequent event, type 1 or type 2? Is this accounting treatment justifiable? In what grounds? 1/13/2023 57 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing PT百花村案例 “知錯必改” – B、長期股權(quán)投資減值準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整 ? XX發(fā)展中心長期經(jīng)營狀況不佳 , XX高新技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)行政管理局于 1998年 7月 21日公告吊銷了該公司的營業(yè)執(zhí)照。 Total Debts $41 billion) $ in million Bank Trust Amount Institutional Investors amount JP Man Trust Co. 17, CALPERS Deutsche Bank Prudential ABN Amco Bank Metropolitan Life Insur. Citibank Vanguard Fleet Travelers Asset mgt. Bank One Northwest Invest. Mgt. Mellon Bank Alliance Capital Mgt. Wells Fargo Bank American Express JP Man Chase Wellington Mgt. 1/13/2023 5 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing Merck’ Faked Revenue 5501002003004005006001999 2023 2023Faked Revenue Total Revenue1/13/2023 6 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing Financial Frauds and Independent Directors ? Overview of financial frauds or earnings management ? 其他公司 – Microsoft, GE, IBM, Boeing, Lucent, Cisco, Oracle, AOL, Nortel, Qwest, Tyco, Global Crossing, Cendant, WMX, Sunbeam, Adelphia 公司名稱 (事務(wù)所名稱) 舞弊種類 及金額 是否由 AC 發(fā)現(xiàn)? 是否由 CPA發(fā)現(xiàn)? 獨立懂事 / 董事會人數(shù) Enron (AA) 虛增利潤 6億美元 , 隱瞞負債 30多億美元 否 否 15/17 Xerox (KPMG) 虛增利潤 15億美元 否 否 7/9 Rite Aid(KPMG) 虛增利潤 22億美元 否 否 7/9 WorldCom (AA) 虛增利潤 93億美元 否 否 9/11 1/13/2023 7 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing CFE’ s Classification Scheme Fraud Corruption Asset Misappropriation Fraudulent Statements Conflicts of Interest Bribery Illegal Gratuities Economic Extortion Cash Fraudulent Disbursements Inventories and All Other Assets Bogus Revenue Timing Differences Concealed L E Improper Disclosure Improper Valuation 1/13/2023 8 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing CFE: Duration of by Scheme Type 051015202530虛假報表 費用包銷 篡改支票 虛開發(fā)票 受賄腐敗 偽造工資 截留收入 挪用資產(chǎn) 座支現(xiàn)金舞弊期限(月)1/13/2023 9 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing CFE: Initial Detection of Fraud ? 發(fā)現(xiàn)舞弊方法及比例 – 雇員舉報 % – 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn) % – 內(nèi)部控制 % – 內(nèi)部審計 % – 外部審計 % – 客戶舉報 % – 匿名舉報 % – 賣方舉報 % – 執(zhí)法部門通報 % 140100 9982674633279020406080100120140160雇員舉報 偶然發(fā)現(xiàn) 內(nèi)部控制 內(nèi)部審計 外部審計 客戶舉報 匿名舉報供應(yīng)商舉報執(zhí)法通報發(fā)現(xiàn)舞弊案件數(shù)1/13/2023 10 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing CFE: Effective Measures to Prevent Fraud 01234567強有力的內(nèi)部控制 檢查雇員背景常規(guī)舞弊審計 制定舞弊防范政策對舞弊提出起訴的意愿 雇員道德培訓(xùn)匿名舞弊報告機制 工作場所監(jiān)視1/13/2023 11 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing SAS 99 :Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit ? AICPA恢復(fù)公眾信任的一個重大舉措 – , AICPA發(fā)布采納 SAS 99的決定 – 取代 SAS 82 ( 1996) – 自 2023年 12月 15日生效 – SAS將在 2023年 10月末或 11月初正式頒布 1/13/2023 12 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing Significant Changes in the New Fraud Standard ? 4個重大變化 – 進一步強調(diào)職業(yè)懷疑( Professional Skepticism)的重要性 ? 對舞弊及其特征進行描述 – 要求審計小組應(yīng)當(dāng)直面舞弊 ? 應(yīng)當(dāng)具有職業(yè)懷疑的心態(tài)( Mindset of PS)重大變化 – 實施意想不到的審計測試( Unpredictable Audit Tests) ? 對客戶沒料到的地區(qū)、場所和賬戶進行測試 – 對管理當(dāng)局逾越控制( Override of Control)作出反映 ? 提出測試管理當(dāng)局逾越控制的審計程序 1/13/2023 13 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing Description and Characteristics of Fraud ? 1個關(guān)鍵要素 – 舞弊是蓄意行為( Intentional Behavior) ? 舞弊是個法律概念, CPA不對某項行為是否屬于舞弊作出法律決定 ? 舞弊與差錯的差別在于是否故意造成錯報或漏報 – 實際工作中難以判斷,如不合理會計估計( Unreasonable Accounting Estimates) ? 2種舞弊類型 ? 虛假財務(wù)報告產(chǎn)生的錯報 – Misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting ? 挪用資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的錯報 – Misstatements arising from misappropriation of Assets 1/13/2023 14 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing Description and Characteristics of Fraud ? 3個必備條件 – 動機或壓力 ? Management or employees have an incentive or are under pressure – 機會 ? Circumstances exist (. absence of control, ineffective control, ability of management to override controls) that provide an opportunity for a fraud to be perpetrated – 理由 ? Those involved are able to rationalize a fraudulent act as being consistent with their personal code of ethics 1/13/2023 15 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing Triangle of Fraud ? Albrecht 提出的舞弊鐵三角 Pressure Opportunity Rationalization Fraud 1/13/2023 16 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing Arthur Levitt’ s Comments on “ Number Game” ? 5 Methods Game Playing identified by Levitt – Bigbath charges ( 洗大澡或巨額沖銷) – Creative acquisition accounting (創(chuàng)造性并購會計) – Cookjar reserves (甜餅盒式準(zhǔn)備金) – Revenue recognition (收入確認) – Materiality (重大性) 1/13/2023 17 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing GAO : Restatement by Reason, 19972023 30510152025303540收入確認 成本費用其他資產(chǎn)減值 收購兼并 證券問題重分類IPRD關(guān)聯(lián)交易百分比 1/13/2023 18 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing 中國上市公司報表粉飾典型手段 ? 報表粉飾的傳統(tǒng)手段 ? 收入確認 ? 虛擬資產(chǎn) ? 期間費用資本化 ? 股權(quán)投資 ? 存貨及應(yīng)收賬款 ? 其他應(yīng)收應(yīng)付款 ? 報表粉飾的現(xiàn)代手段 ? 資產(chǎn)重組 ? 關(guān)聯(lián)交易 ? 資產(chǎn)評估 ? 補貼收入 ? 八項準(zhǔn)備 ? 會計調(diào)整 1/13/2023 19 Comparative Study on Measures of Window Dressing A公司的財務(wù)圖象 (單位:萬元) 250000202300150000100000500000500001999 2023 2023凈資產(chǎn) 主營收入 凈利潤年度 凈資產(chǎn) 主營收入 凈利潤 1999 20,709 6,757 20,010 2000 3,014 6,797 16,5
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