【正文】 erts, or scientific consensus. Appeals to authority are not valid arguments, but nor is it reasonable to disregard the claims of experts who have a demonstrated depth of knowledge unless one has a similar level of understanding and/or access to empirical evidence. However it is, entirely possible that the opinion of a person or institution of authority is wrong。The word of Zorbo the Great is flawless and perfect. We know this because it says so in The Great and Infallible Book of Zorbo39。 thus pirates cool the world and global warming is a hoax.第三條：訴諸感情3. appeal to emotionYou attempted to manipulate an emotional response in place of a valid or pelling argument.Appeals to emotion include appeals to fear, envy, hatred, pity, pride, and more. It39。t fortunate enough to have any food at all.第四條：謬誤謬誤4. the fallacy fallacyYou presumed that because a claim has been poorly argued, or a fallacy has been made, that the claim itself must be wrong.It is entirely possible to make a claim that is false yet argue with logical coherency for that claim, just as is possible to make a claim that is true and justify it with various fallacies and poor arguments.Example:you too39。s own beliefs and motivations without falling into the trap of justifying our existing ways of seeing ourselves and the world around us.Example:When the judge asked the defendant why he hadn39。big run39。Not able to defend his position that evolution 39。t apply to a supposedly 39。s argument look bad, without actually presenting a case for why the argument itself lacks merit.Example:s Best and Most Truest Things that are Definitely True and Should Not Ever Be Questioned.第二十一條：訴諸自然21. appeal to natureYou argued that because something is 39。t make something good or bad. For instance murder could be seen as very natural, but that doesn39。abstract39。The makers of Sugarette Candy Drinks point to research showing that of the five countries where Sugarette drinks sell the most units, three of them are in the top ten healthiest countries on Earth, therefore Sugarette drinks are healthy.第二十四條：中間立場(chǎng)24. middle groundYou claimed that a promise, or middle point, between two extremes must be the truth.Much of the time the truth does indeed lie between two extreme points, but this can bias our thinking: sometimes a thing is simply untrue and a promise of it is also untrue. Half way between truth and a lie, is still a lie.Example:false cause39。artificial39。 things are also considered 39。Whilst rallying support for his plan to fundamentally undermine citizens39。Angus declares that Scotsmen do not put sugar on their porridge, to which Lachlan points out that he is a Scotsman and puts sugar on his porridge. Furious, like a true Scot, Angus yells that no true Scotsman sugars his porridge.第十八條：基因謬誤18. geneticYou judged something as either good or bad on the basis of where it es from, or from whom it came.This fallacy avoids the argument by shifting focus onto something39。t a primate).第十六條：合成謬誤16. position/division 合成謬誤You assumed that one part of something has to be applied to all, or other, parts of it。Shamus pointed a drunken finger at Sean and asked him to explain how so many people could believe in leprechauns if they39。 and so he naturally presumed that it would be fine to park there.第十三條：賭徒謬誤13. the gambler39。t be answered without appearing guilty.Loaded question fallacies are particularly effective at derailing rational debates because of their inflammatory nature the recipient of the loaded question is pelled to defend themselves and may appear flustered or on the back foot.Example: this fallacy is usually used in place of that understanding.Example:s character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument.Ad hominem attacks can take the form of overtly attacking somebody, or more subtly casting doubt on their character or personal attributes as a way to discredit their argument. The result of an ad hom attack can be to undermine someone39。s opponents justifiably emotional.Example:s argument, it39。t true39。After Sally presents an eloquent and pelling case for a more equitable taxation system, Sam asks the audience whether we should believe anything from a woman who isn39。re ultimately flawed, dishonest, and tend to make one39?！　?(Bandwagon)　　 (Hypothesis Contrary to Fact)　　點(diǎn)評(píng)：抒情是不能當(dāng)作論證的?！　±纾篗cDonald39。要了解基本邏輯錯(cuò)誤一定不能錯(cuò)過(guò)一篇英文小品文Love Is A Fallacy(作者M(jìn)ax Shulman)，這里僅列舉出十種最常見(jiàn)的邏輯錯(cuò)誤。s and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods.　　 (Contradictory