【正文】 We also have evidence that various medieval markets employed a kind of police to make sure that people did not sell spoiled food, and if you were caught doing it, you were subject to various fines, humiliating public punishments. So what actually was true was this: In order to have meat for the winter, people would preserve it in salt, not a spice. Spices actually aren’t very effective as preservatives. And throughout winter, they would eat salted meat, but the taste of the stuff could grow really boring and depressing after a while. So the cook started looking for new ways to improve the taste and spices were the answer, which brings us to mysterious origins and mythical status.Now the ancient Romans had a thriving spice trade and they sent their ships to the east and back. （9）But when Rome collapsed in the fifth century and the Middle Ages began, direct trade stopped, and so did that kind of handson knowledge of travel and geography. Spices now came by way of the trade routes with lots of intermediaries between the producer and the consumer. So these spices took on an air of mystery. Their origins were shrouded in exotic travels. They had the allure of the unknown, of wild places. Myths grew up of fantasy lands, magical faraway places made entirely of food and spices. And to that, spices themselves had always been considered special or magical not just for eating and this was already true in the ancient world where legends about spices were abundant. Spices inspired the medieval imagination. （7）They were used as medicines to ward off diseases, and mixed into perfumes, incense. They were used in religious rituals for thousands of years. They took on a life of their own and they inspired the medieval imagination, spurred on the age of discovery in the 145th and 16th centuries. （10）When famous explorers like Columbus and da Gama and Magellan left Europe in their ships, they weren’t looking for a new world, they were looking for we know what important historical repercussions some of those voyages had.詞匯：spice n. 香料；調(diào)味品aromatic adj. 芳香的herb n. 香草tree bark 樹皮cinnamon n. 樟屬的樹root n. 根ginger n. 姜bud n. 芽；蓓蕾clove n. 丁香pepper n. 胡椒maize n. 玉米nutmeg n. 肉豆蔻medieval adj. 中世紀的boil down to 歸結(jié)為rarity n. 罕見exotic adj. 外來的；異國情調(diào)的fragrance n. 香味mysterious adj. 神秘的；不可思議的mythical adj. 神話的astronomical adj. 天文的；極大的gothic adj. 哥特式的；野蠻的general n. 將軍diplomacy n. 外交手段；外交ambassador n. 大使；代表bland adj. 乏味的aristocracy n. 貴族humiliate v. 使丟臉；羞辱preservative n. 防腐劑collapse v. 瓦解；倒塌handson adj. 親身實踐的intermediary n. 中間人shroud v. 覆蓋allure n. 誘惑力ward off 避開incense n. 香ritual n. 儀式spur on 驅(qū)使；鼓勵repercussion n. 反響voyage n. 航行題目：6. What is the main purpose of the lecture?解析：主旨題。短話中說軍官要求5000磅金子和3000磅胡椒粉作為賠償，說明胡椒粉在那個時期非常珍貴。答案：Yes No They had to be imported. √ They were unaffordable for many people. √ They were used to preserve meat during the winter. √ They were believed to have medicinal properties. √ Their sale in public markets was closely regulated. √ 8. What two factors explain why medieval Europeans did not use spices to cover the taste of spoiled meat?解析：細節(jié)題，定位cover the taste of spoiled meat. 文中說如果人們可以買得起香料肯定可以買得起新鮮的肉，所以肉比香料便宜沒必要這樣做；另外有專門管賣變質(zhì)肉的警察，所以這種行為是被禁止的。說明業(yè)主會幫她。學(xué)生想?yún)⒓右豁椪{(diào)查研究，research study 同義替換為research project.答案：The man39。文中說羅馬人因為欣賞希臘雕像所以模仿，這是藝術(shù)用途；文中又說這些雕像用來傳達君主的一些想法，是政治用途。文中教授放慢語氣強調(diào)Wolf做了40年的研究，Schwabe17年，將2個人的研究時間對比說明他被這個長時間的研究感動。答案：The idea was contrary to their beliefs about objects in space.8. Which hypothesis regarding sunspots did Galileo challenge?解析：細節(jié)題，定位hypothesis和Galileo，注意文中教授自問自答部分。答案：They are willing to work irregular hours.5. Why does the woman say this?解析：復(fù)聽意圖推測題。TPO18 Conversation 1（場景分類——詢問工作）Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and an administrator in the university employment office.Student：Hi! I hope you can help me. I just transferred from Northeastern State University near Chicago.Administrator：Well wele to Central University. But Chicago is such a great city. Why did you leave?Student：（2）Everyone asks that. It’s my hometown. And it was sure convenient to go to a school nearby. But Northeastern is still fairly small. And it doesn’t have the program I’m interested in. I want to major in international studies. And the only program in the State is here.Administrator：We do have a great program. Well how did you get interested in international studies?Student：（3）My family hosted a few foreign exchange students while I was growing up. Then I took part in an international summer program after I graduated from high school. I thought I really I like meeting people from all over, getting to know them.Administrator：OH! Ok! And that led you to our program. （1）Right now though I think you are looking for a job.Student：Yeah, a part time job on campus. I thought I’d save money, being away from the big city. But it doesn’t seem to be working that way .Anyway I’m not having much luck.Administrator：I’m not surprised. Most of our campus jobs are taken in the first week or two of the semester. What work experience have you had?Student：Well, I worked in the university library last year. But I already checked at the library here. They said their remaining positions were for workstudy students getting financial aid. I’ve never run into that before.Administrator：Well, I guess each school has its own policies. （5）Uh, we really don’t have much right now. You might be better waiting until next semester. If you really want something, how are your puter skills?Student：About average I’d say. I helped teach some of the basic puter classes. Northeastern offers for new users, if that helps any？Administrator：OK, the technology support department needs people to work its helpdesk. It’s basically a customer service job, answering questions, helping people solve their puter problems, give you a chance to develop your people s