【正文】 over 250 years, is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldn’t create sculpture of their own. But finally some contemporary art historians have challenged this view. One is Elaine Gazda. Gazda says that there might be other reasons that Romans made copies. She wasn’t convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity. Can anyone think of another possible reason?Boy student:Well, maybe they just admired these sculptures. You know, they liked the way they looked.Professor:Yes. That’s one of Gazda’s points. Another is that while nowadays reproduction is easy, it was not so easy in Roman times. Copying statues required a lot of skill, time and effort. （14）So Gazda hypothesizes that copying didn’t indicate a lack of artistic imagination or skill on the part of Roman artists, but rather the Romans made copies because they admired Greek Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time. Gazda also believes that it’s been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as, well, copies for copy’s sake and not to consider the Roman function and meaning of the statues.Girl Student:What do you mean the Roman function? Weren’t they just for decoration?Professor:Well, not necessarily. Under the Emperor Augustus at the height of the Roman Empire, portrait statues were sent throughout the empire. （14）They were supposed to municate specific ideas about the emperor and the imperial family and to help inhabitants of the conquered areas bee familiar with the Roman way of life. （15）You know Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire. Anybody care to guess what was on them?Boy student:The emperor’s face?Professor:That’s right! The coins were easy to distribute and they allowed people to see the emperor or at least his likes and served as an additional reminder to let them know, well, who was in the images helped people bee familiar with the emperor. Statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire. Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original, but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were binations of some sort. Some bined more than one Greek statue and others bined a Greek god or an athlete with a Roman’s head. At the time of Julius Caesar, I wasn’t unmon to create statues that had the body of a god and the head of an emperor. And the Romans were clever. What they did was they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures. Then they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze. （16）And on some statues the heads were removable. They could put an emperor’s head on different bodies, showing him doing different things. And then later when the time came they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body.詞匯：sculpture n. 雕塑bust n. 半身像memorate v. 紀念category n. 種類conquer v. 征服；戰(zhàn)勝Mediterranean adj. 地中海的spoils n. 戰(zhàn)利品；贓物dominant adj. 占優(yōu)勢的；統(tǒng)治的prevalent adj. 流行的dismiss v. 解散；開除decoration n. 裝飾idealization n. 理想化imperial adj. 帝國的empire n. 帝國emperor n. 皇帝；君主plaster cast 石膏模型workshop n. 車間；工場replicate v. 復制marble n. 大理石bronze n. 青銅制品題目：12. What is the lecture mainly about?解析：主旨題。s head，原文中對應the heads were ，放在不同的身體上；當時間到了，可以在相同的身體上換另下一任帝王的頭像，說明這時之前的帝王已經(jīng)沒有權利了。解析：It will help him write clearly about a plex topic.3. What is the main goal of the study that the professor’s colleague is conducting?答案：細節(jié)題，定位the professor’s colleague. 文中說她讓一些人看還沒有播出過的節(jié)目，看他們是否喜歡這個節(jié)目，而參與的人都是這個學生的同齡人。s marketing professor might not be aware of the television study.Lecture 3 （學科分類——歷史）Narrow：Listen to part of a conversation in an European history class.(6)In order to really study the social history of the Middle Ages, you have to understand the role of spices. Now, this might sound a little surprising, even a little strange. But what seem like little things now were back then actually rather big things. So first let’s define what a spice is. Technically speaking, a spice is part of an aromatic plant that is not a leaf or herb. Spices can e from tree bark like cinnamon, plant roots like ginger, flower buds like cloves. And in the Middle Ages. Europeans were familiar with lots of different spices, most important being pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, maize and nutmeg. These spices literarily dominated the way Europeans lived for centuries, how they traded and even how they used their imaginations. So why this medieval fascination with spices? We can boil it down to there general ideas briefly. One was cost and rarity. Uh two was exotic taste and fragrance. And third, mysterious origins and kinds of mythical status.Now for cost and rarity, （7）spices aren’t native to Europe and they had to be imported. Spices only grew in the East Indies and of course transportation costs were astronomical. So spices were incredibly valuable even from the very beginning. （11）Here is an example. In 408 AD, the Gothic General who captured Rome demanded payment. He wanted 5000 pounds of gold among other things but he also wanted 3000 pounds of pepper. Maybe that would give you an idea of exactly where pepper stood at the time. By the Middle Ages, spices were regarded as so important and expensive they were used in diplomacy, as gifts by heads of state and ambassadors.Now for the taste. The diet then was relatively bland, pared to today’s. There wasn’t much variety. Especially the aristocracy who tended to eat a lot of meat, they were always looking for new ways to prepare it, new sources, new tastes and this is where spices came in. Now, this is a good point to mention one of the biggest myths about spices. （7）It’s monly said that medieval Europeans wanted spices to cover up the taste of spoiled meat. But this isn’t really true. （8）Anyone who had to worry about spoiled meat couldn’t afford spices in the first place. If you could afford spices, you could definitely afford fresh meat.