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tenna connector ? TinyOS support : mesh working and munication implementation ? Complies with FCC Part 15 and Industry Canada regulations ? Environmentally friendly – plies with RoHS regulations [4]. I. ZigBee Wireless Technology ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level munication protocols using small, lowpower digital radios based on an IEEE standard for personal area works [6] [7]. ZigBee devices are often used in mesh work form to transmit data over longer distances, passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant allows ZigBee works to be formed adhoc, with no centralized control or highpower transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the devices. Any ZigBee device can be tasked with running the work. ZigBee is targeted at applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure working. ZigBee has a defined rate of 250kbps, best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a single signal transmission from a sensor or input device. Applications include wireless light switches, electrical meters with inhomedisplays, traffic management systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires shortrange wireless transfer of data at relatively low rates. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. J. Types of ZigBee Devices ZigBee devices are of three types: ? ZigBee Coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, the Coordinator forms the root of the work tree and might bridge to other works. There is exactly one ZigBee Coordinator in each work since it is the device that started the work originally. It stores information about the work, including acting as the Trust Center amp。s exactly what they have done. ? Motes are also easy to program, either by using serial or Ether cable to connect to the programming board or by using Over the Air Programming (OTAP). Fig. 2 Block Diagram of the Proposed System E. Transceivers Sensor nodes often make use of ISM band, which gives free radio, spectrum allocation and global availability. The possible choices of wireless transmission media are radio frequency (RF), optical munication and infrared. Lasers require less energy, but need lineofsight for munication and are sensitive to atmospheric conditions. Infrared, like lasers, needs no antenna but it is limited in its broadcasting capacity. Radio frequencybased munication is the most relevant that fits most of the WSN applications. WSNs tend to use licensefree munication frequencies: 173, 433, 868, and 915 MHz。這個系統(tǒng)不需要交通工具搭載任何系統(tǒng),可以在交通系統(tǒng)中很容易地實現(xiàn)。傳感器節(jié)點可以檢測車輛的存在和無線發(fā)送的運輸量密度到中央控制器。同時該系統(tǒng)在測試中并不能證明有效。該傳感器是其中根據(jù)車輛的存在靠近其發(fā)送狀態(tài)基于超聲波或紅外光傳感器。中央控制器執(zhí)行所有的計算為傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 傳感器是產(chǎn)生如溫度或壓力的物理狀況變化的可測量的響應(yīng)硬件設(shè)備。該傳感器是靈敏的障礙探測器,探測在其附近的車輛。它是分布式傳感一個全新的范式,它開辟了一個引人入勝的新的方式來看待傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)。 ? 由于節(jié)點尺寸的縮小和功耗,可以想象利用太陽能發(fā)電,甚至許多外國的東西如振蕩電源,讓他們運行。無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)傾向于使用免許可證的通信頻率: 173, 433,868,和 915 兆赫 。電池,無 論是充電電池和非充電,對傳感器節(jié)點供電的主要來源。通過使用行業(yè)標準,整合濕度,溫度和光線感應(yīng)器,并提供與外圍設(shè)備靈活的互連, TmoteSky 使廣泛的網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用 [ 4 ] 。 H. Tmote 主要特點 ? 250KBPS 的 IEEE Chipcon 公司的無線收發(fā)器 ? 互操作性與其它 設(shè)備。應(yīng)用包括無線光開關(guān),電氣儀表與家庭顯示器,交通管理系統(tǒng),和其他消費品和工業(yè)設(shè)備,需要在相對較低的利率數(shù)據(jù)的短距離無線傳輸。它不能中繼來自其它設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)。然而,這允許在其中某些設(shè)備連續(xù)接收異構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò),而其他被檢測到的外部刺激時僅傳輸。該系統(tǒng)可以很容易地修改為右側(cè)行車系統(tǒng)(美國,加拿大,阿聯(lián)酋,俄羅斯等)。 5)允許節(jié)點再次等待 1 時隙輪到它并且處理從步驟 3 開始重復(fù)進行。轉(zhuǎn)左車道是自由的,所以不需要傳感器。 8 )如果在右車道給予了右轉(zhuǎn)綠色信號,根據(jù)交通流量的情況,要么左邊相鄰大道給直行方向綠色信號或者相向的大道給右轉(zhuǎn)綠色信號。使用的傳感器節(jié)點的各種系統(tǒng)可以根據(jù)要求改變,并且可以根據(jù)場所的可行性,可以使用任何類 型的傳感器。不過主要的交叉路口有地下通道和架空行人路來避免行人對繁忙的交通中的影響。 2 )控制器接收該信號,并計算如下 3)對每條道路的具有最高優(yōu)先級傳感器 AX 進行比較。各道路被給予最大 60 秒的時間段的時間。 圖 4 考慮交叉口 1)對所有道路均可以自由左轉(zhuǎn)(自由右轉(zhuǎn)適合右側(cè)行車系統(tǒng))。在一般情況下, ZigBee 的協(xié)議時的無線電是在最小化,從而減少電源使用。在大多數(shù)大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)情況下,網(wǎng)絡(luò)將集群的集群。它存儲有關(guān)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的信息,包括擔(dān)任信托中心和存儲庫的安全密鑰。這使得對ZigBee 網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成特設(shè)的,沒有集中控制或大功率發(fā)射機 /接收機能夠達到所有的設(shè)備。 CC2420 是一個 IEEE 標準的無線電提供了 PHY 和 MAC 地址的一些功能 [ 5 ] 。一個 DVS 方案變化取決于非確定性的工作量傳感器節(jié)點內(nèi)的功率電平。節(jié)點是往往具有強大的發(fā)射器和接收器,統(tǒng)稱為更好的長期運行的收發(fā)器也較好的實現(xiàn)了在任何環(huán)境條件下發(fā)送 /接收質(zhì)量。無線傳輸介質(zhì)的可能的選擇是射頻( RF),光通信和紅外線。 ? 所述控制器連接到中央控制器是利用無線電鏈接的。 一個節(jié) 點,在無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,也被稱為傳感器節(jié)點,能夠執(zhí)行一些工序和收集的傳感器信息,并與其他連接的節(jié)點在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中通信。由于無線傳感器節(jié)點通常是非常小的電子設(shè)備,他們只能裝備 限制在小于 安培小時及 伏電源。傳感器可以感應(yīng)在節(jié)點上的車輛,而無線電收發(fā)機通過無線媒介發(fā)送傳感器器數(shù)據(jù) 到中央處理器。 建議系統(tǒng)涉及這是由三個基本部分組成的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的傳感器節(jié)點 或塵埃,電源和一個中央控制器。這個系統(tǒng)的主要元件是傳感器節(jié)點組成的傳 感器和發(fā)射器。雖然這可能是有效的交通 ,擁擠 的交通需要一個自適應(yīng)系統(tǒng) ,將基于每個路上交通的密度?,F(xiàn)有的實驗系統(tǒng)包括了基于密度識別的圖像處理,而在像霧、雨或沙塵的情況下規(guī)劃路徑是低效的。對于無規(guī)律的復(fù)雜交通,那些通常使用基于操作系統(tǒng)的簡單定時器的自動化系統(tǒng)是低效的。 《現(xiàn)代控制理論》 題 目 智能交通信號控制 學(xué)生姓名 學(xué) 號 學(xué) 院 專 業(yè) 指導(dǎo)教師 二O一 三 年 12 月 15 日 Intelligent Traffic Signal Control Using Wireless Sensor Networks and Vigneshwar. Santhanam Abstract:The growing vehicle population in all developing and developed countries calls for a major change in the existing traffic signaling systems. The most widely used automated system uses simple timer based operation which is inefficient for nonuniform traffic. Advanced automated systems in testing use image processing techniques or advanced munication systems in vehicles to municate with signals and ask for routing. This might not be implementable in developing countries as they prove to be plex and expensive. The concept proposed in this paper involves use of wireless sensor works to sense presence of traffic near junctions and hence route the traffic based on traffic density in the desired direction. This system does not require any system in vehicles so can be implemented in any traffic system easily. This s