【正文】
潛在 的危險(xiǎn) 保護(hù)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn) 是積極的,但它 可能在社會(huì) 實(shí)踐中 被官僚機(jī)構(gòu)所控制 。什么是 無(wú)形的傳統(tǒng)?多久的文化習(xí)俗 才能 被稱為傳統(tǒng)? 文化是否為人廣泛傳播 嗎?如果人們改變 傳統(tǒng) 的做法是應(yīng)對(duì)不斷變化的情況,傳統(tǒng) 應(yīng)該 被看作是一個(gè)成功的適應(yīng) 過(guò)程還是失去其本來(lái)的面貌 ? 由于定義 很難, 所以意義就更加重大了。絕大多數(shù) 語(yǔ)言 沒(méi)有書面 形式 , 有些語(yǔ)言甚至 沒(méi)有任何有形形式。在隨后的 專家會(huì)議 中 , 專家們 繼續(xù) 討論制定建議和制定技術(shù)。然而, 全面的“ 非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn) 保護(hù)” 是 從 近年來(lái) 開(kāi)始的 。 教科文組織努力 去 保護(hù)瀕危的杰作 ,同時(shí)向全世界 展示中國(guó)傳統(tǒng) 的 昆曲 、日本的能樂(lè)、 印度舞蹈 、 來(lái)自格魯吉亞的 男子和弦合唱 、 制作立陶宛木制和金屬十字架古老的知識(shí) 還有 幾內(nèi)亞 的 索索巴拉 的 傳統(tǒng)音樂(lè)。您可能 認(rèn)為只有 在博物館 才能 發(fā)現(xiàn) 這些文化 的蹤跡 ,但是這些文化在我們身邊,是世世代代流傳下來(lái)的優(yōu)秀文化 。但是, 有些 集體的文化的創(chuàng)造是不成文的或無(wú)記錄的 ,所以在保護(hù)的時(shí)候 依然存在 一些 問(wèn)題。 雖然 術(shù)語(yǔ) 有些模糊,但全世界保護(hù)非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的意識(shí)日益增強(qiáng) 。 如何才能最好地理解和響應(yīng) 被 聯(lián) 合國(guó)教科文組織指定為無(wú)形 “ 杰作 ” 的 非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn) ,這個(gè)問(wèn)題 引發(fā) 了 陪審團(tuán)考慮 和 辯論 。我們可能會(huì)喜歡 有 外觀或聲音的傳統(tǒng),但 這一想法會(huì)使一些人們 的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬低 和生活條件艱苦 。聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織必須提名 一 些文化傳統(tǒng)以供審議。S efforts to safeguard endangered masterpieces go to show traditional Kumquat opera of China, Novak theatre of Japan, Kutiyattam dance in India, men39。s designation as intangible masterpieces. First, there is the question of definition. A staged performance of an ancient play may have many tangible elementswritten scripts, a temple theatre and elaborately crafted costumes. Yet does the fact that it is a performance render the tradition intangible? How long does the cultural practice have to be around before it is called tradition? Does it have to be widely shared among a people? If people alter their practice to respond to changing circumstances, should the tradition be seen as a successful adaptation to be treasured or as a deprived derivative to be shunned? As hard as it may be to define this heritage, the question of its value looms larger. To some extent, every language is a masterpiece. How to weigh the worth of one language against another in determining value and significanceby the number of speakers, its role in history, the beauty of its poetry? But perhaps more difficult is the question of if and how to preserve the wide range of this heritage. Is it more important to safeguard vanishing or fragile traditions than popular, vital ones? To preserve the tradition, it is necessary to preserve the ability of people to practice it. We might like the look or sound of the tradition, but its continued practice would condemn people to labor with low pay and terrible conditions. The strategies used also spark deba