【正文】 ecause the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit、長短、語言和規(guī)定各不相同。A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties ，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式，締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況做出最好的選擇。The date on which the document can be made earlier but by on means later than the date of the bill of lading（十四），一個沒有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會仍然是一個原始落后的社會。Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險費(fèi)用來轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險，而不愿面對不確定的風(fēng)險損失。Even though the misstatement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy 。因?yàn)橹醒脬y行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對貨幣價格進(jìn)行干涉。To undertake this mission, MIG offers investors guarantees against nonmercial risks, advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business munity and host governments on investment issues.(十九)，一國居民為進(jìn)行督控和經(jīng)營通過對外投資獲取另一國的資產(chǎn)。The unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established，but smaller，less mature panies 。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競爭來自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險業(yè)，還有一部分來自于一些國家所采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施。大學(xué)四年的熏陶，讓我形成了嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求學(xué)的態(tài)度、穩(wěn)重踏實(shí)的作風(fēng)；同時激烈的競爭讓我敢于不斷挑戰(zhàn)自己，形成了積極向上的人生態(tài)度和生活理想。手捧菲薄求職之書，心懷自信誠摯之念，期待貴單位給我一個機(jī)會，我會倍加珍惜。二、豐富的社會實(shí)踐和突出的工作能力。給我一個機(jī)會還您一個奇跡，期待您的回復(fù)!祝貴單位事業(yè)蒸蒸日上、碩果累累!此致敬禮!國際商務(wù)求職信3尊敬的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：您好！您能在百忙之中展閱這份自薦書，是我無限的榮幸，更是我長久的期盼。在老師和同學(xué)的嚴(yán)格教育和幫助下以及個人的努力，我學(xué)習(xí)了專業(yè)課程：國際貿(mào)易概論，現(xiàn)代商務(wù)，商務(wù)英語，進(jìn)出口實(shí)務(wù)，國際金融，商務(wù)談判等專業(yè)知識，具備了扎實(shí)的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識。在校三年來，我學(xué)習(xí)刻苦，成績優(yōu)異，表現(xiàn)良好。我是一個有能力而且有團(tuán)隊(duì)精神的人，我能很快地適應(yīng)一個新的工作環(huán)境，并能在新環(huán)境下做好工作。我有信心、有能力成為一名出色的員工。在工作上，我擔(dān)任國際商務(wù)01班班級班長、學(xué)習(xí)委員、協(xié)會部長等職務(wù)，從中鍛煉自己的社會工作能力。A Trade and Development Board is the permanent organ of the United Nations Conforence on Trade and Development第三篇：國際商務(wù)求職信國際商務(wù)求職信國際商務(wù)求職信1尊敬的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)：您好！今天我懷著對人生事業(yè)的追求，懷著激動的心情向您毛遂自薦，希望您在百忙之中給予我片刻的關(guān)注。The main objectives of WTO are to promote free trade, further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures。FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: Building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures(二十)。The loans of IBRD are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth。Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value ，計(jì)劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的合作。By paying a premium into an insurance pool, the assured earns the right to claim pensation from the pool, the assured earns the right to claim pensation from the pool should he suffer loss.（十六），而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會被受理。Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of justintime inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs。An on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in nontrade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in modity trade，提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer，信用證得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc，從買方的進(jìn)口聯(lián)系起來的跨國界合同的術(shù)語總稱。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected，一旦做出還盤，原報(bào)盤即將失效而失去約束力。very convenient for use The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are ，商務(wù)活動中電子通訊使用的增加以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and plex, often a mixture of visible and invisible 。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, specialization ，兩個貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991(四), 同時也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴、相互影響。business first took the form of modity trade, and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place ，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁徺I力高低提供了線索In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its ine level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its ，高收入國家、中等收入國家和低收入國家Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of highine, middle ine and low ine ，但幾年前它還是個低收入國家。許可證貿(mào)易的類型與特征l 按受有關(guān)國家法律保護(hù)程度劃分為： 1)專利許可； 2)專有技術(shù)許可； 3)商標(biāo)許可。國際商務(wù)國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作第一節(jié) 國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作概述一、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的概念國際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作是指世界上不同國家（地區(qū)）的政府、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織和超越國家界限的自然人與法人為了共同利益，在生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域和流通領(lǐng)域（側(cè)重生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域）內(nèi)所進(jìn)行的以生產(chǎn)要素的國際移動和重新合理組合配置以及相互間經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的協(xié)調(diào)為主要內(nèi)容的較長期的經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)作活動。第三節(jié) 匯率決定的制度分析根據(jù)匯率波動有無平價和匯率波動的幅度大小，可將匯率制度分成：固定匯率制度和浮動匯率制度；l 固定匯率制度：兩國貨幣比價基本固定，現(xiàn)實(shí)匯率只能圍繞平價在很小的范圍內(nèi)波動的匯率制度。絕對購買力平價的解釋（1）購買力平價是現(xiàn)實(shí)匯率水平運(yùn)動的趨勢；（2）如果一國對進(jìn)口和出口的管制程度基本相同，據(jù)對購買力平價仍適用；（3）在計(jì)算貨幣的購買力時，應(yīng)以反映所有產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)的總價格水平為基礎(chǔ)，且只能包括本國自己所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)。二、出口信貸賣方信貸：出口商所在地的銀行對出口商提供的信貸。本幣計(jì)價法出口商向國外出口商品的計(jì)價貨幣一般有三種選擇： l 以出口商本國貨幣計(jì)價； l 以進(jìn)口國貨幣計(jì)價；l 以該商品的貿(mào)易傳統(tǒng)貨幣計(jì)價。會計(jì)風(fēng)險受不同國家會計(jì)制度與稅收制度所制約。l 利率上下限（Interest Rate Collar）：是指將利率上限和利率下限兩種金融工具結(jié)合使用。如：同一時間，倫敦市場匯率為100英鎊=200美元，法蘭克福市場匯率為100英鎊=380德國馬克，紐約市場匯率為100美元=193德國馬克，于是紐約某銀行以200萬美元的資金購入386萬德國馬克，并立即電告其法蘭克福分行用380萬德國馬克就地購買100萬英鎊，獲利6萬德國馬克，然后，在令其倫敦分行就地賣出100萬英鎊，收進(jìn)200萬美元，用于套匯的資本美元還原了。第二節(jié) 遠(yuǎn)期外匯業(yè)務(wù)一、遠(yuǎn)期外匯業(yè)務(wù)概述遠(yuǎn)期外匯業(yè)務(wù)：預(yù)約購買與預(yù)約出賣的外匯業(yè)務(wù)，即買賣雙方先簽訂合同，規(guī)定買賣外匯的幣種、數(shù)額、匯率和將來交割的時間，到規(guī)定的交割日期，再按合同規(guī)定，賣方交匯，買方付款。即期外匯交易：分為商業(yè)性外匯交易和金融性（即期）外匯交易。第三節(jié) 其它外匯業(yè)務(wù)一、套匯業(yè)務(wù)套匯業(yè)務(wù)：是利用不同市場的匯率差異，在匯率低的市場大量買進(jìn)，同時在匯率高的市場賣出，利用賤買貴賣，套取投機(jī)利潤的活動。二、利率期權(quán)定義：利率期權(quán)是交易雙方同意購買者擁有權(quán)利在未來特定時間，按照事先買賣雙方同意的利率，借入一筆名義貸款或存入一