【正文】 does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit、長(zhǎng)短、語(yǔ)言和規(guī)定各不相同。The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer，信用證得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。So far as the exporter’s interest is concerned D/P at sight is more favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable than D/A(十一)，幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a customers to pay。In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc，從買(mǎi)方的進(jìn)口聯(lián)系起來(lái)的跨國(guó)界合同的術(shù)語(yǔ)總稱(chēng)。In normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled because of the use of money and the market，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。Fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services。A counteroffer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payments, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer ，對(duì)合同雙方同樣具有約束力The stipulations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contraction parties（九），如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類(lèi)的問(wèn)題。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected，一旦做出還盤(pán)，原報(bào)盤(pán)即將失效而失去約束力。Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered and are not binding on the inquirer 。A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make 。If they are lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought ，如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參考，他們就肯定簡(jiǎn)單可靠的確定各自的責(zé)任。very convenient for use The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are ，商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增加以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則賣(mài)方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。Visible trade,.which involves the import and export of goods，there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries.（七），在大多數(shù)情況下，賣(mài)方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade and typical examples are tariffs and ，一個(gè)國(guó)家可能繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)不具備優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and plex, often a mixture of visible and invisible 。In reality, plete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous。According to the absolute advantage theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one modity.（六）。Comparative advantage is not a static country may develop a particular parative advantage through its own action 。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, specialization ，兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。Like it or not, economic globalization has bee an objective trend in world economic development（五），沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。The transfer of the intraMNE transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade ，但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司和新投資等都由母公司來(lái)決定。A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assents in more than one country ，但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991(四), 同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴(lài)、相互影響。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別是澳大利亞、美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、朝鮮、新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。The members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc, but also use the same ，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.(三)，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。business first took the form of modity trade, and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place ，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買(mǎi)力高低提供了線索In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its ine level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its ，高收入國(guó)家、中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of highine, middle ine and low ine ，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國(guó)家。pletely stay away from international , some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project ，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。International business refers to transaction between parties from different involves mort factors and thus is more plicated than domestic ，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。第二篇：國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯，它涉及到許多因素。許可證貿(mào)易的類(lèi)型與特征l 按受有關(guān)國(guó)家法律保護(hù)程度劃分為： 1)專(zhuān)利許可； 2)專(zhuān)有技術(shù)許可； 3)商標(biāo)許可。二、國(guó)際技術(shù)貿(mào)易的方式國(guó)際技術(shù)貿(mào)易的方式包括：許可證貿(mào)易、技術(shù)服務(wù)貿(mào)易、合作生產(chǎn)和合資經(jīng)營(yíng)貿(mào)易、工程承包貿(mào)易和補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易。既可以通過(guò)文字、語(yǔ)言、圖表、數(shù)據(jù)、公式、配方等有形形態(tài)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，也可以是個(gè)人技能或經(jīng)驗(yàn)的直接或間接傳授。它是國(guó)際技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓的主要組成部分，包括技術(shù)進(jìn)口和技術(shù)出口兩方面。國(guó)際商務(wù)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作第一節(jié) 國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作概述一、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作的概念國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作是指世界上不同國(guó)家（地區(qū)）的政府、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)組織和超越國(guó)家界限的自然人與法人為了共同利益，在生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域和流通領(lǐng)域（側(cè)重生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域）內(nèi)所進(jìn)行的以生產(chǎn)要素的國(guó)際移動(dòng)和重新合理組合配置以及相互間經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的協(xié)調(diào)為主要內(nèi)容的較長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)作活動(dòng)。二、布雷頓森林體系下的匯率決定l 布雷頓森林協(xié)議：1944—1971年，1944年達(dá)成《布雷頓森林協(xié)議》；l 布雷頓森林體系推行不兌現(xiàn)信用制，即：雙掛鉤，一固定，上下限，政府干預(yù)。20世紀(jì)的貨幣體系（1）金本位：19世紀(jì)80年代—第一次世界大戰(zhàn)；（2）二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間的貨幣體系：1919—1939年，國(guó)際貨幣體系處于動(dòng)蕩期。它可分為自由浮動(dòng)和管理浮動(dòng)。第三節(jié) 匯率決定的制度分析根據(jù)匯率波動(dòng)有無(wú)平價(jià)和匯率波動(dòng)的幅度大小，可將匯率制度分成：固定匯率制度和浮動(dòng)匯率制度；l 固定匯率制度：兩國(guó)貨幣比價(jià)基本固定，現(xiàn)實(shí)匯率只能?chē)@平價(jià)在很小的范圍內(nèi)波動(dòng)的匯率制度。其基本觀點(diǎn)是：投資者或以本國(guó)貨幣投放在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，